Corn Silage Contributions To Energy Supply And Milk Fat Synthesis Of Dairy Cows
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Corn Silage Contributions To Energy Supply And Milk Fat Synthesis Of Dairy Cows
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Author : Celso Heinzen Junior
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2024
Corn Silage Contributions To Energy Supply And Milk Fat Synthesis Of Dairy Cows written by Celso Heinzen Junior and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024 with categories.
Adequate energy supply to lactating dairy cows is essential to maximize genetic potential of milk production and efficiency. Corn silage often accounts for more than 50% of diets and therefore, corn starch is one of the main sources of energy fed to lactating dairy cows. However, the energy supply found in form of starch is dependent on its availability to the animal. Several strategies exist to improve starch digestibility in corn silages, including hybrid selection, kernel processing and prolonged storage. However, different ways to assess starch digestibility are used in the dairy industry and research, while ruminal disappearance is the most common procedure, it differs among laboratories, and much is unknown about how the analytical results of starch digestibility assays relates to in vivo digestibility and energy supply. Moreover, high inclusion of corn, in general, in dairy cattle diets are often related to milk fat depression, due to a highly fermentable carbohydrate source and unsaturated fatty acids profile that corn provides. Therefore, a series of experiments were conducted to evaluate a novel technology of corn silage hybrids effects on silage fermentation and starch digestibility, to better understand the sources of variation on starch digestibility assays to improve sample comparison, and to assess the risks of feeding starch and fatty acids from corn silage in milk fat depression.Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of a genetically-modified corn hybrid with alpha-amylase expressed in the kernel (AMY) on fermentation profile, aerobic stability, nutrient composition, and starch disappearance of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) and earlage. Both hybrids, AMY and its isogenic counterpart (ISO), were grown in 10 replicated plots (5 for WPCS and 5 for earlage). Samples of each plot were collected at harvest, homogenized, and divided into 5 subsamples which were randomly assigned to 5 storage lengths (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 d). Minor differences on fermentation profile were observed between AMY and ISO for WPCS and earlage. Starch concentration was greater for AMY than ISO in WPCS and earlage and greater starch disappearances at 0 h and 6 h were observed for ISO in WPCS and earlage. Minor effects on fermentation profile, microbial counts, aerobic stability, and nutrient composition suggests that AMY can be ensiled for prolonged periods with no concerns for undesirable fermentation or nutrient losses. However, in situ starch disappearance was lower for AMY compared to ISO. A series of experiments was conducted to investigate variation across time-points, sample grinding size procedures and bag pore sizes used in ruminal starch digestibility assays. Experiment 1: samples of different starch sources submitted three times to multiple laboratories to evaluate variability of starch digestibility assays and the use of different incubation time-points on feedstuff ranking. Greater variation was observed for shorter incubation time-points, while different submission of samples did not influence starch digestibility for corn forage and corn grain samples. Moreover, different incubation time-points can change the ranking of samples. Experiment 2: samples of different starch sources were used to investigate how different grinding sizes and incubation time-point procedures affect starch digestibility assays variation and ranking of samples. Longer incubation time-points and finely ground samples reduced variation of in vitro starch digestibility assays; however, smaller grinding size increased starch digestibility in all starch sources and affected sample ranking. Experiment 3: samples from different starch sources were incubated in situ at 0 h to investigate the loss of particles and their influence on ruminal kinetics. Our results suggest that secondary loss of particles on ruminal incubations at 0 h might be a problem that limits the relationship between bag disappearance and degradation in forage and corn grain samples. Experiment 4: dry ground corn and pure starch samples were washed in water at different temperatures and using different filter types (Dacron polyester in situ bags, Ankom Technology; DPB, F57 bags, Ankom Technology; F57 or filter papers Whatman G3; WG3) to understand their effects on DM recovery. Samples incubated in room temperature water had greater DM recovery when compared to samples incubated in water at 39℗ð C. Pure starch had greater DM recovery in F57 and WG3 when compared to DPB, however, dry ground corn samples DM recovery was similar across all filter types. Experiment 5: dry ground corn and pure starch samples were incubated in rumen fluid at 0 h, using different filter bags (F57 and DPB) to investigate the effect of sample type and filter bags on DM and starch recovery. F57 bags were able to retain 100% of the starch incubated in pure starch, however, no difference between bags were found for dry ground corn samples for DM or starch recovery. These experiments highlighted the importance of the consideration of specific procedures in starch digestibility assays when ranking samples or generating information for ration formulation. The objective of the last study was to investigate the effects of dietary fatty acids and starch on milk fat secretion, the fatty acid profile changes in whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) and high-moisture corn (HMC) with different silage management practices as well as the contributions of these nutrients derived from WPCS and HMC to milk fat secretion. Twenty-three published studies that evaluated lipids supplementation to dairy cows were included in the dataset and meta-regressions analysis were conducted to model the effects of: 1) dietary fatty acids, starch and forage concentrations (expressed as % of DM) on milk fatty acids concentration (expressed as g/100g); 2) dietary fatty acids, starch and forage concentrations (expressed as % of DM) on milk fatty acids yield (expressed as g/d); 3) intake of fatty acids (expressed as g/d), starch, and forage (expressed as kg/d) on milk fatty acids concentration (expressed as g/100g); and 4) intake of fatty acids (expressed as g/d), starch and forage (expressed as kg/d) on milk fatty acids yield (expressed as g/d). While predictions of milk fatty acids concentrations are useful, models that predict milk fatty acids yield had greater performance. In general, starch concentration and starch intake had a positive effect on de novo and total milk fatty acids yield, while unsaturated fatty acids had a negative effect. Samples of WPCS and HMC from previous studies from our laboratory were analyzed for fatty acids profile to evaluate the effects of cutting height and storage length on fatty acids profile of WPCS and the effects of DM concentration and storage length on fatty acids profile of HMC. Increasing cutting height increased unsaturated fatty acids in WPCS, however, storage length and DM concentration effects did not follow a clear pattern of changes in fatty acids profile of WPCS and HMC. Simulations using the generated models were conducted to visualize the contributions of different inclusions of WPCS and HMC in the diet as well as different WPCS and HMC management practices to milk fat secretion. Our results suggest that energy contributions from starch and saturated fatty acids are important in milk fat synthesis predictions, while supporting the general role of unsaturated fatty acids on milk fat depression described in the literature. Management practices like cutting height, dry matter concentration and storage length affect fatty acids profile of WPCS and HMC and it may affect rumen bacteria metabolism and milk fat secretion.
Alfalfa Silage
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Author : Ollie Ezekiel Reed
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1917
Alfalfa Silage written by Ollie Ezekiel Reed and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1917 with Alfalfa silage categories.
Designing Foods
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 1988-02-01
Designing Foods written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988-02-01 with Medical categories.
This lively book examines recent trends in animal product consumption and diet; reviews industry efforts, policies, and programs aimed at improving the nutritional attributes of animal products; and offers suggestions for further research. In addition, the volume reviews dietary and health recommendations from major health organizations and notes specific target levels for nutrients.
Effect Of Feeding Corn Silage Based Diets Predicted To Be Deficient In Either Ruminal Nitrogen Or Metabolizable Protein On Nitrogen Utilization And Efficiency Of Use In Lactating Cows
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Author : Erin Beth Recktenwald
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Effect Of Feeding Corn Silage Based Diets Predicted To Be Deficient In Either Ruminal Nitrogen Or Metabolizable Protein On Nitrogen Utilization And Efficiency Of Use In Lactating Cows written by Erin Beth Recktenwald and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
Due to concern over nitrogen (N) emissions, this study attempted to evaluate dietary approaches to reduce N excretion by dairy cattle. Knowledge about potential N sources that were either unaccounted for or under-predicted by CPM Dairy and the Dairy NRC (2001) was used to formulate rations that were much lower in crude protein (CP) than typically fed to dairy cattle but would potentially not decrease production. Specifically, the three diets fed were predicted to have: (1) positive rumen N and metabolizable protein (MP) balances (Diet P) (2) negative MP balance and positive rumen N balance (Diet N), or (3) negative rumen N balance but positive MP balance (Diet T) as predicted by CPM Dairy version 3. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether, and to what extent, the decrease in predicted ruminally available N and MP supply would affect milk production. Eighty-eight multiparous lactating Holstein cows (83 ± 20 DIM), were blocked by average daily milk yield to 50 DIM and parity and assigned to three diets differing in N content or predicted rumen degradability of the feed N. The diets were formulated with CPM Dairy V3 using library values for all feeds except corn silage where actual chemical, digestibility, and degradation rate values were determined and used. The diets (DM basis) consisted of approximately 50% corn silage, 2% wheat straw and 48% of a diet specific ingredient mix and were formulated for 22.2 of kg DMI. Actual diet CP levels were 16.7, 14.2 and 14.3% for Diets P, N and T, respectively. The predicted CPM Dairy rumen N balance at the formulated DMI was 29 and 27 g for Diets P and N and negative 39 g/d for Diet T, whereas the predicted MP balance was 263 and negative 145 and 91 g/d for Diets P, N and T, respectively. Monensin was included in the diets at a formulated intake of approximately 300 mg per cow per d and somatotropin was administered per label. Actual DMI for cattle fed these treatments were 25.7, 25.5 and 24.2 kg/d for Diets P, N and T, respectively and were significantly lower for Diet T. Actual milk yield was 45.0, 42.6 and 43.3 kg/d and 3.5% FCM was 38.1, 36.5, and 36.4 kg/d for cows fed Diets P, N and T, respectively and was significantly lower for cows fed Diets N and T. Milk protein percent was not affected by diet; however, milk protein yield was significantly greater for cows fed Diet P due to the difference in milk yield. Plasma urea N concentrations were 11.31, 8.40 and 7.13 mg/dl for cows fed diets P, N and T, respectively and were different and paralleled the rumen ammonia levels of 8.32, 6.58 and 5.84 mg/dl. Milk fat depression (MFD) was observed in all cows and was not affected by treatment, and the average milk fat levels were 2.67, 2.68 and 2.54% for diets P, N and T, respectively. To determine if monensin was partially responsible for the MFD, monensin was removed from the diets of approximately half of the cows on treatment once they had finished the experimental period. Removal of monensin resulted in a 30% increase in milk fat percent, and milk protein content was not affected. Calculated milk N:intake N ratios for the three treatments were 0.31, 0.33 and 0.36 for Diets P, N and T respectively. The results of this study suggest that more productive N is available than currently predicted by either CPM Dairy and the Dairy NRC (2001). Understanding where these differences exist would allow for feeding less CP to dairy cattle and decreasing N emissions to the environment. It may also be a profitable strategy for dairy farmers, as they would be able to reduce their purchase of costly protein feeds, but that was not demonstrated in this study - primarily due to the severe milk fat depression that decreased the economic value of milk. However, ration cost was not a concern for this experiment, and that aspect can be considered when implementing feeding strategies stemming from this research. (Abstract).
High Energy Corn Silage For Lactating Dairy Cattle
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1969
High Energy Corn Silage For Lactating Dairy Cattle written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1969 with Corn categories.
Effects Of Molasses And Monensin In Diets Based On Alfalfa Hay Or Corn Silage On Rumen Fermentation Total Tract Digestibility And Milk Production In Holstein Cows
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Author : Emily Ruth Oelker
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Effects Of Molasses And Monensin In Diets Based On Alfalfa Hay Or Corn Silage On Rumen Fermentation Total Tract Digestibility And Milk Production In Holstein Cows written by Emily Ruth Oelker and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Alfalfa categories.
Abstract: Sugar supplementation can stimulate rumen microbial growth and possibly fiber digestibility, however, increasing ruminal carbohydrate availability relative to rumen degradable protein can promote energy spilling by microbes or decrease rumen pH. Rumen degradable protein supply and rumen pH might be altered by forage source and monensin. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate interactions of a sugar source (molasses) with monensin and two forage sources on rumen fermentation and milk production in lactating dairy cows. Seven ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows were used in five 28-day periods in a 5x7 incomplete Latin square. Four corn silage diets consisted of 1) control (C), 2) 2.6% molasses (M), 3) 2.6% molasses plus 0.45% urea (MU), 4) 2.6% molasses plus 0.45% urea plus monensin (18 mg/kg DM; MUR). Three alfalfa hay diets consisted of 1) control (C), 2) 2.6% molasses (M), 3) 2.6% molasses plus monensin (18 mg/kg DM; MR). Urea was added to corn silage diets to provide rumen degradable protein comparable to alfalfa hay diets with no urea. All diets were balanced to have 18.0% forage neutral detergent fiber and 41.0% non-fiber carbohydrates. Diets were balanced to have 16.2% crude protein except corn silage MU and MUR, which were balanced to have 17.2% crude protein. Dry matter intake was not affected by treatment but milk production was lower in alfalfa hay diets compared with corn silage diets. Monensin decreased milk fat from 3.22 to 2.72 % in corn silage diets but not in alfalfa hay diets. Milk fatty acids (% of total fat) were not affected by treatment. However, in whole rumen contents, concentrations of trans-10 cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid were increased by corn silage diets suggesting corn silage may have contributed to inhibition of biohydrogenation in the rumen. Monensin had no effect on conjugated linoleic acid isomers in either milk or rumen contents but did increase the concentration of trans-10 C18:1 in rumen contents. Alfalfa hay decreased total tract digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen compared to corn silage. Molasses tended to decrease neutral detergent fiber digestibility. Acetate:propionate ratio was higher in alfalfa hay than corn silage diets and monensin did not affect acetate:propionate ratio. Additionally, molasses with urea increased milk urea nitrogen in the corn silage diets (7.6 vs 12.0 mg/dl for M vs MU). Ammonia and milk urea nitrogen remained unchanged in the alfalfa hay diets. These results indicate that sugar supplementation might require urea to support microbial protein synthesis in corn silage diets balanced for moderate crude protein and perhaps especially if monensin is fed.
Norfor
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Author : Harald Volden
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2011-10-05
Norfor written by Harald Volden and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-10-05 with Science categories.
NorFor is a semi-mechanistic feed evaluation system for cattle, which is used by advisors in Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. This book describes in detail the system and it covers five main sections. The first is concerned with information on feed characteristics, feed analysis and feed digestion methods. The second section describes the digestion and metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract and the supply and requirement of energy and metabolizable amino acids. The third section considers the prediction of feed intake and physical structure of the diet. The fourth section focuses on model evaluation and the final section provides information on the IT solutions and feed ration formulation by a non-linear economical optimization procedure. This book will be of significant interest to researchers, students and advisors of cattle nutrition and feed evaluation.
Recent Advances In Animal Nutrition
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Author : W. Haresign
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2013-10-22
Recent Advances In Animal Nutrition written by W. Haresign and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-22 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition-1981 is a collection of papers that discusses the effects of dietary fat on milk composition, relating it to the biochemistry of fat synthesis in the mammary gland. The influence of concentrates on milk composition as well as the pattern and level of concentrate feeding on milk output are also covered. The book describes the need for better utilization of grass and grass products in dairy production, the mineral and trace element requirements of pigs; the importance of anion-cation balance in poultry diets and its effects on performance levels; and the selenium and cobalt requirements of ruminants. The problems of medicinal residues in animal products and the toxicological effects of aflatoxin residues in animal products are also considered. People involved in agriculture, dairy production and animal nutrition will find the book useful.
Nutrient Requirements Of Dairy Cattle
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2001-02-09
Nutrient Requirements Of Dairy Cattle written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-02-09 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This widely used reference has been updated and revamped to reflect the changing face of the dairy industry. New features allow users to pinpoint nutrient requirements more accurately for individual animals. The committee also provides guidance on how nutrient analysis of feed ingredients, insights into nutrient utilization by the animal, and formulation of diets to reduce environmental impacts can be applied to productive management decisions. The book includes a user-friendly computer program on a compact disk, accompanied by extensive context-sensitive "Help" options, to simulate the dynamic state of animals. The committee addresses important issues unique to dairy science-the dry or transition cow, udder edema, milk fever, low-fat milk, calf dehydration, and more. The also volume covers dry matter intake, including how to predict feed intake. It addresses the management of lactating dairy cows, utilization of fat in calf and lactation diets, and calf and heifer replacement nutrition. In addition, the many useful tables include updated nutrient composition for commonly used feedstuffs.
The Nutrient Requirements Of Ruminant Livestock
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Author : Agricultural Research Council (Great Britain)
language : en
Publisher: Cabi
Release Date : 1980
The Nutrient Requirements Of Ruminant Livestock written by Agricultural Research Council (Great Britain) and has been published by Cabi this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1980 with Nature categories.
This work discusses the nutrient requirements of all forms of ruminant livestock.