Diet Induced Obesity Causes Ghrelin Resistance In Arcuate Npy Agrp Neurons
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Diet Induced Obesity Causes Ghrelin Resistance In Arcuate Npy Agrp Neurons
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Author : Dana Isobel Briggs
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Diet Induced Obesity Causes Ghrelin Resistance In Arcuate Npy Agrp Neurons written by Dana Isobel Briggs and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
The current obesity epidemic is a growing public health care concern across all ages and socioeconomic groups in developed and developing countries alike. To date, obesity research has focused on mechanisms that normally curb hyperphagia. We have taken the novel approach of studying the mechanisms that stimulate hyperphagia in the obese situation, by focussing our attention on the stomach-derived hormone ghrelin. Ghrelin is the only systemic orexigenic peptide, and promotes food intake and blood glucose under conditions of negative energy balance. As its role in obesity is not well understood, the research objective of this thesis was to characterise how the ghrelin system functions in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. The premise was that if ghrelin contributes to the development and maintenance of obesity, then the ghrelin system presents a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of this disease.The first part of this thesis characterised ghrelin sensitivity in a model of DIO mice. We show for the first time that DIO mice are profoundly ghrelin resistant. We demonstrate that ghrelin resistance occurs in arcuate neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons as a consequence of a downregulation of the neuroendocrine ghrelin axis and impaired NPY/AgRP neuronal function. Together, these mechanisms prevent NPY/AgRP neurons from responding to ghrelin and initiating feeding behaviour. Importantly, failure of NPY/AgRP neurons to respond to ghrelin also extends to other orexigenic stimuli, such as fasting.We then established the timecourse over which this occurs, to identify mechanisms that contribute to ghrelin resistance. We show that ghrelin resistance develops after three weeks of high fat diet feeding, and is preceded by adipose tissue gain and increased plasma leptin. We hypothesised that leptin may impair ghrelin signalling in NPY/AgRP neurons. We show that leptin-deficient ob/ob mice are ghrelin sensitive in spite of obesity, and that leptin suppresses ghrelin-induced food intake in this model.viiThis supports our hypothesis that increased circulating leptin in DIO mice suppresses ghrelin sensitivity in NPY/AgRP neurons. Further, after three weeks of high fat diet-feeding leptin signalling remains intact, though attenuated, in NPY/AgRP neurons. Thus, we have identified leptin as a potential mechanism by which DIO causes ghrelin resistance occurs in NPY/AgRP neurons.The final part of the thesis examines whether ghrelin resistance in ARC NPY/AgRP neurons is reversible. We show that diet-induced weight loss with calorie restriction increases plasma ghrelin along with hypothalamic NPY and AgRP mRNA expression and restores ghrelin sensitivity. This likely contributes to rebound weight gain commonly seen in human patients. Diet-induced weight loss without calorie restriction has milder effects; this diet paradigm does not increase orexigenic tone and only partially restores ghrelin sensitivity. Thus, losing weight without calorie restriction is likely better for the long-term maintenance of a lower body weight.The studies presented here highlight an emerging role for NPY/AgRP neuronal dysfunction in the pathophysiology of obesity. Ultimately, these studies further our understanding of how ghrelin regulates food intake in the obese and post-obese state and we hope that they will improve the clinical management of weight loss maintenance therapies.
Obesity And Diabetes Mellitus
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Author : E. I. Sokolov
language : en
Publisher: VSP
Release Date : 1997-04
Obesity And Diabetes Mellitus written by E. I. Sokolov and has been published by VSP this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-04 with Medical categories.
This book is the result of the study of metabolic and hormonal disorders in patients suffering obesity and diabetes mellitus, focusing on mechanisms of formation of atherosclerotic changes in the myocardium and vessels in diabetes mellitus patient.
The Ghrelin System
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Author : A. Benso
language : en
Publisher: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
Release Date : 2013-04-22
The Ghrelin System written by A. Benso and has been published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-22 with Medical categories.
The ghrelin story started more than 30 years ago with the discovery of synthetic GH secretagogues. Only in 1999 was ghrelin a natural GH-releasing peptide, discovered. Ghrelin, however, is much more than simply a natural GH secretagogue. In fact, this hormone is one of the most important factors known for regulating appetite and energy expenditure. Furthermore, ghrelin is the trigger for other neuroendocrine, metabolic and nonendocrine actions.This book, written by researchers who provided the major contributions to our current knowledge of this complex system, gives a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in ghrelin research. The hormone's influence on the cardiovascular, metabolic and gastroenteropancreatic system, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, prolactin secretion, thyroid axis, gonadal axis as well as on behavior is discussed in detail. Furthermore, the clinical perspectives for ghrelin-derived therapeutic products are presented.Illustrating the tight inter-relationship between endocrinology, metabolism, cardiovascular disease and internal medicine, this book is essential reading for all scientists interested in appetite control, body weight and energy expenditure, as well as diabetes mellitus and neuroendocrinology.
Muscle Atrophy
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Author : Junjie Xiao
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-11-02
Muscle Atrophy written by Junjie Xiao and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-11-02 with Science categories.
The book addresses the development of muscle atrophy, which can be caused by denervation, disuse, excessive fasting, aging, and a variety of diseases including heart failure, chronic kidney diseases and cancers. Muscle atrophy reduces quality of life and increases morbidity and mortality worldwide. The book is divided into five parts, the first of which describes the general aspects of muscle atrophy including its characteristics, related economic and health burdens, and the current clinical therapy. Secondly, basic aspects of muscle atrophy including the composition, structure and function of skeletal muscle, muscle changes in response to atrophy, and experimental models are summarized. Thirdly, the book reviews the molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy, including protein degradation and synthesis pathways, noncoding RNAs, inflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, mitochondria signaling, etc. Fourthly, it highlights the pathophysiological mechanisms of muscle atrophy in aging and disease. The book’s fifth and final part covers the diagnosis, treatment strategies, promising agents and future prospects of muscle atrophy. The book will appeal to a broad readership including scientists, undergraduate and graduate students in medicine and cell biology.
Fat Detection
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Author : Jean-Pierre Montmayeur
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2009-09-14
Fat Detection written by Jean-Pierre Montmayeur and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-09-14 with Medical categories.
Presents the State-of-the-Art in Fat Taste TransductionA bite of cheese, a few potato chips, a delectable piece of bacon - a small taste of high-fat foods often draws you back for more. But why are fatty foods so appealing? Why do we crave them? Fat Detection: Taste, Texture, and Post Ingestive Effects covers the many factors responsible for the se
Ghrelin In Health And Disease
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Author : Roy G. Smith
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-07-02
Ghrelin In Health And Disease written by Roy G. Smith and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-07-02 with Medical categories.
Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor, is critical in the control of food intake and energy balance. The ghrelin receptors are now known to have important physiological properties as modulators of growth hormone release, appetite, glucose homeostasis, metabolism, immune function, neurotransmitter activity, cognitive function and neurodegeneration. Bringing all of this information together in the first comprehensive text on the topic, the editors provide a state-of-the-art synthesis of the latest work in this area for physicians and physician-scientists. This volume addresses the unique property of ghrelin as a modulator of function. Such a property provides potential utility for safe intervention in a wide variety of disease states. Indeed as we learn more about the basic physiology of ghrelin, the potential for treating new disease targets emerge requiring validation in the clinic. Hence, there is a need to combine information from basic translational research on ghrelin with results of clinical investigations. Each chapter in this volume is authored by a leading investigator in the field. The introductory chapter sets the background for the book and provides a superb overview of the relevance of ghrelin to physiology, describing how the discovery of ghrelin has prompted us to completely rethink traditional physiology. The authors conclude their chapters by critically addressing the future translational aspects of ghrelin biology and outlining what key basic research and clinical questions remain to be addressed. An invaluable resource, Ghrelin in Health and Disease distinguishes itself as the first comprehensive title covering all of the molecular and clinical issues relating to ghrelin and advancing our clinical understanding of obesity, growth, and reproductive pathogenesis.
Peptide Hormones Advances In Research And Application 2011 Edition
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: ScholarlyEditions
Release Date : 2012-01-09
Peptide Hormones Advances In Research And Application 2011 Edition written by and has been published by ScholarlyEditions this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-01-09 with Medical categories.
Peptide Hormones: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Peptide Hormones. The editors have built Peptide Hormones: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Peptide Hormones in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Peptide Hormones: Advances in Research and Application: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
The Melanocortin System
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Author : Roger D. Cone
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
The Melanocortin System written by Roger D. Cone and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Medical categories.
In the decade before the publication of this study, melanocortin biology matured. Three additional receptors were discovered, and animal models were established addressing the function of each receptor. Researchers now know that the diverse physiologic responses to melanocortins - including their role in development, weight and endocrine regulation, cortisol production, secretion from exocrine glands, and pigmentation - can be defined in terms of individual receptors. In this text, contributors from the field of evolutionary biology, peptide chemistry, pigmentation biology, neuroscience, endocrinology and genetics provide the reader with a comprehensive review of melanocortin biology. Six areas of active research are addressed: peptide and small molecule chemistry; receptor structure and function; energy homeostasis; pigmentation; adrenocorticol function; and behaviour. There are 56 papers and 20 posters altogether, taken from the Fifth Melanocortin Meeting, held in 2002.
Central Functions Of The Ghrelin Receptor
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Author : Jeanelle Portelli
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2014-05-15
Central Functions Of The Ghrelin Receptor written by Jeanelle Portelli and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-05-15 with Medical categories.
The Ghrelin receptor was identified before its natural ligand ghrelin. This receptor is found both centrally and peripherally, and has been shown to affect various processes, such as food intake, gut motility, memory, glucose and lipid metabolism, cardiovascular performances, reproduction, memory, and immunological responses, amongst others. The functions of the ghrelin receptor in the central nervous system are numerous and are still being explored. In this book we specifically focus on the various roles of the ghrelin receptor in the central nervous system. In a first set of chapters, the book will focus on the discovery and the properties of this intriguing constitutively active G-protein coupled receptor, on its multiple intracellular transduction mechanisms and the various subtypes of the currently known ghrelin receptor complexes. Next, the book will elaborate on the mitochondrial mechanisms regulated by the ghrelin receptor, its role in feeding and drug addictive mechanisms, memory, sleep and arousal. The final chapters focus on the potential of this receptor as a target for the treatment of neurological disorders including Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, anxiety and depression.
Metabolism And Pathophysiology Of Bariatric Surgery
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Author : Victor R Preedy
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2016-11-26
Metabolism And Pathophysiology Of Bariatric Surgery written by Victor R Preedy and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-11-26 with Health & Fitness categories.
Pathophysiology of Bariatric Surgery: Metabolism, Nutrition, Procedures, Outcomes and Adverse Effects uses a metabolic and nutritional theme to explain the complex interrelationships between obesity and metabolic profiles before and after bariatric surgery. The book is sectioned into seven distinct areas, Features of Obesity, Surgical Procedures, Nutritional Aspects, Metabolic Aspects, Diabetes, Insulin Resistance and Glucose Control, Cardiovascular and Physiological Effects, and Psychological and Behavioral Effects. Included is coverage on the various types of bariatric surgery, including Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy, biliopancreatic diversion, and jejunoileal bypass, as well as the variations upon these procedures. Provides information on diet, nutrition, surgical procedures, outcomes, and side effects in relation to bariatric surgery in one comprehensive text Contains a Dictionary of Terms, Key Facts, and Summary Points in each chapter Includes access to a companion website with accompanying videos