Dinosaur Lung Structure And Ventilation Of The Abdominal Air Sacs In Birds
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Dinosaur Lung Structure And Ventilation Of The Abdominal Air Sacs In Birds
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Author : Methea Sapp
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Dinosaur Lung Structure And Ventilation Of The Abdominal Air Sacs In Birds written by Methea Sapp and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Air sacs (Bird anatomy) categories.
The purpose of this study was to identify any ostelogical features which might prevent paradoxical movement (=lateral collapse) of the abdominal air sacs in birds during inhalation. A combination of 26 fresh and frozen adult bird carcasses representing 10 avian orders were procured from local sources. Dissections of each specimen first entailed the inflation of the respiratory system via a tracheal tube. The trachea was then sealed off to prevent deflation of the air sacs. Next, the abdominal and thoracic cavities were carefully dissected to expose the inflated air sacs. Using a set of Whitworth electronic digital calipers, a series of two measurements were taken on each carcass: 1. from the posterior sternal tip to the posterior end of the abdominal air sacs, and 2. from the posterior sternal tip to the tip of the pubic bone. Results indicated a strong correlation between the post-sternal length and position of the abdominal air sacs and the post-sternal extension of the pubic bones, such that lateral support of the abdominal air sacs was provided by the pubic bones. These data suggest that during inhalation the pubic bones probably serve to prevent the lateral collapse of these air sacs. The pubic bones of theropod dinosaurs, and even Archaeopteryx, were vertically orientated and distally fused. Therefore, it is unlikely that these taxa ventilated a set of abdominal air sacs and where unlikely to have possessed an avian lung-air sac system.
The Biology Of The Avian Respiratory System
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Author : John N. Maina
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-04-28
The Biology Of The Avian Respiratory System written by John N. Maina and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-04-28 with Science categories.
The central focus of this book is the avian respiratory system. The authors explain why the respiratory system of modern birds is built the way it is and works the way that it does. Birds have been and continue to attract particular interest to biologists. The more birds are studied, the more it is appreciated that the existence of human-kind on earth very much depends directly and indirectly on the existence of birds. Regarding the avian respiratory system, published works are scattered in biological journals of fields like physiology, behavior, anatomy/morphology and ecology while others appear in as far afield as paleontology and geology. The contributors to this book are world-renowned experts in their various fields of study. Special attention is given to the evolution, the structure, the function and the development of the lung-air sac system. Readers will not only discover the origin of birds but will also learn how the respiratory system of theropod dinosaurs worked and may have transformed into the avian one. In addition, the work explores such aspects as swallowing mechanism in birds, the adaptations that have evolved for flight at extreme altitude and gas exchange in eggs. It is a highly informative and carefully presented work that provides cutting edge scientific insights for readers with an interest in the respiratory biology and the evolution of birds.
The Lung Air Sac System Of Birds
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Author : John Maina
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2005-09-22
The Lung Air Sac System Of Birds written by John Maina and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-09-22 with Science categories.
In biology, few organs have been as elusive as the lung-air sac system of birds. Considerable progress has recently been made to fill the gaps in the knowledge. While summarizing and building on earlier observations and ideas, this book provides cutting-edge details on the development, structure, function, and the evolutionary design of the avian respiratory system. Outlining the mechanisms and principles through which biological complexity and functional novelty have been crafted in a unique gas exchanger, this account will provoke further inquiries on the many still uncertain issues. The specific goal here was to highlight the uniqueness of the design of the avian respiratory system and the factors that obligated it.
Current Perspectives On The Functional Design Of The Avian Respiratory System
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Author : John N. Maina
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2023-09-13
Current Perspectives On The Functional Design Of The Avian Respiratory System written by John N. Maina and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-09-13 with Science categories.
Birds have and continue to fascinate scientists and the general public. While the avian respiratory system has unremittingly been investigated for nearly five centuries, important aspects on its biology remain cryptic and controversial. In this book, resolving some of the contentious issues, developmental-, structural- and functional aspects of the avian lung-air sac system are particularized: it endeavors to answer following fundamental questions on the biology of birds: how, when and why did birds become what they are? Flight is a unique form of locomotion. It considerably shaped the form and the essence of birds as animals. An exceptionally efficient respiratory system capacitated birds to procure the exceptionally large quantities of oxygen needed for powered (active) flight. Among the extant air-breathing vertebrates, comprising ~11,000 species, birds are the most species-rich-, numerically abundant- and extensively distributed animal taxon. After realizing volancy, they easily overcame geographical obstacles and extensively dispersed into various ecological niches where they underwent remarkable adaptive radiation. While the external morphology of birds is inconceivably uniform for such a considerably speciose taxon, contingent on among other attributes, lifestyle, habitat and phylogenetic level of development have foremost determined the novelties that are displayed by diverse species of birds. Here, critical synthesizes of the most recent findings with the historical ones, evolution and behavior and development, structure and function of the exceptionally elaborate respiratory system of birds are detailed. The prominence of modern birds as a taxon in the Animal Kingdom is underscored. The book should appeal to researchers who are interested in evolutionary processes and how adaptive specializations correlate with biological physiognomies and exigencies, comparative biologists who focus on how various animals have solved respiratory pressures, people who study respiration in birds and other animals and ornithologists who love and enjoy birds for what they are – profoundly interesting animals.
The Dinosauria
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Author : David B. Weishampel
language : en
Publisher: Univ of California Press
Release Date : 2007-12-17
The Dinosauria written by David B. Weishampel and has been published by Univ of California Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-12-17 with Nature categories.
This second edition includes coverage of dinosaur systematics, reproduction, life history strategies, biogeography, taphonomy, paleoecology, thermoregulation & extinction.
Living Dinosaurs
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Author : Dr. Gareth Dyke
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2011-02-15
Living Dinosaurs written by Dr. Gareth Dyke and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-02-15 with Science categories.
Living Dinosaurs offers a snapshot of our current understanding of the origin and evolution of birds. After slumbering for more than a century, avian palaeontology has been awakened by startling new discoveries on almost every continent. Controversies about whether dinosaurs had real feathers or whether birds were related to dinosaurs have been swept away and replaced by new and more difficult questions: How old is the avian lineage? How did birds learn to fly? Which birds survived the great extinction that ended the Mesozoic Era and how did the avian genome evolve? Answers to these questions may help us understand how the different kinds of living birds are related to one another and how they evolved into their current niches. More importantly, they may help us understand what we need to do to help them survive the dramatic impacts of human activity on the planet.
Clinical Anatomy And Physiology Of Exotic Species
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Author : Bairbre O'Malley
language : en
Publisher: Saunders Limited.
Release Date : 2005
Clinical Anatomy And Physiology Of Exotic Species written by Bairbre O'Malley and has been published by Saunders Limited. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Amphibians categories.
"This is the first in-depth textbook dealing solely with the comparative anatomy and physiology of exotic species. It is specifically written with the veterinary practitioner in mind to give a better understanding of the functioning of exotic species. It is heavily illustrated with clear line diagrams, radiographs and colour illustrations."--Jacket.
The Complete Dinosaur
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Author : Michael K. Brett-Surman
language : en
Publisher: Indiana University Press
Release Date : 2012-06-27
The Complete Dinosaur written by Michael K. Brett-Surman and has been published by Indiana University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-06-27 with Nature categories.
Praise for the first edition "A gift to serious dinosaur enthusiasts" --Science "The amount of information in these] pages is amazing. This book should be on the shelves of dinosaur freaks as well as those who need to know more about the paleobiology of extinct animals. It will be an invaluable library reference." --American Reference Books Annual "An excellent encyclopedia that serves as a nice bridge between popular and scholarly dinosaur literature." --Library Journal (starred review) "Copiously illustrated and scrupulously up-to-date... the book reveals dinos through the fractious fields that make a study of them." --Publishers Weekly "Stimulating armchair company for cold winter evenings.... Best of all, the book treats dinosaurs as intellectual fun." --New Scientist "The book is useful both as a reference and as a browse-and-enjoy compendium." --Natural History What do we know about dinosaurs, and how do we know it? How did dinosaurs grow, move, eat, and reproduce? Were they warm-blooded or cold-blooded? How intelligent were they? How are the various groups of dinosaurs related to each other, and to other kinds of living and extinct vertebrates? What can the study of dinosaurs tell us about the process of evolution? And why did typical dinosaurs become extinct? All of these questions, and more, are addressed in the new, expanded, second edition of The Complete Dinosaur. Written by many of the world's leading experts on the "fearfully great" reptiles, the book's 45 chapters cover what we have learned about dinosaurs, from the earliest discoveries of dinosaurs to the most recent controversies. Where scientific contention exists, the editors have let the experts agree to disagree. Copiously illustrated and accessible to all readers from the enthusiastic amateur to the most learned professional paleontologist, The Complete Dinosaur is a feast for serious dinosaur lovers everywhere.
Adaptation To Altitude Hypoxia In Vertebrates
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Author : P. Bouverot
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Adaptation To Altitude Hypoxia In Vertebrates written by P. Bouverot and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Adaptation to altitude hypoxia is characterized by a variety offunctional changes which collectively facilitate oxygen trans port from the ambient medium to the cells of the body. All of these changes can be seen at one time or another in the course of hypoxic exposure. Yet, as already stressed (Hannon and Vogel, 1977), an examination of the literature gives only a sketchy and often conflicting picture of the exact nature of these changes and how they interact as a function of exposure duration. This is partly because of the limited number of variables explored in a given study, but it is also attributable to differences in experimental design, differences among species in susceptibility to hypoxia, nonstandardized experimental conditions, lack of proper control of physical (e. g. , temperature) and physiological variables (e. g. , body mass), failure to take measurements at key periods of exposure, and gaps in knowledge about some fundamental mechanisms. Furthermore the available data on animals native to high altitude are meager and/or inconclusive. Extensive further work under well-controlled experimental conditions is required before a detailed picture can be made. Nevertheless, it has been a guiding principle in the prepara tion of this monograph rather to summarize the vastly dis persed material that constitutes the comparative physiology of adaptation to high altitude into a coherent picture, than to provide a comprehensive survey of the field.
Biology Of The Sauropod Dinosaurs
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Author : Nicole Klein
language : en
Publisher: Indiana University Press
Release Date : 2011
Biology Of The Sauropod Dinosaurs written by Nicole Klein and has been published by Indiana University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Nature categories.
Summarizes the latest research findings on the biology of the sauropod dinosaurs, the largest land-living animals, and covers nutrition, physiology, skeletal structure, and growth.