Everyday Abstract Conditional Reasoning
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Everyday Abstract Conditional Reasoning
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Author : András Veszelka
language : en
Publisher: Pellea Humán Kutató és Fejlesztő Bt.
Release Date : 2014-07-04
Everyday Abstract Conditional Reasoning written by András Veszelka and has been published by Pellea Humán Kutató és Fejlesztő Bt. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-07-04 with Psychology categories.
The interpretation of the ‘if P then Q’ conditional statement is a central element in most logical systems. It largely shapes how these logical systems function. It is well known that, although attempts have been made, logical systems are principally unable to encapsulate how people reason in everyday life. This is mainly due to the discrepancies between the logical abstractions of the conditional statement and its everyday interpretation. Among other things, this makes it difficult to design artificial intelligence based on the abstract rules of logic. However, the ancient logicians who first defined the traditional interpretation of the conditional erroneously took into account more propositions than were actually being denoted. They characterised the ‘if P (or R) then Q’ relationship in place of the ‘if P then Q’ relationship. In relation to this, they also committed the error of leaving the context undenoted, which led to an unnatural interpretation of logical truth and logical necessity. This mistaken interpretation is still predominant today and can also be found in several mathematical logics, such as in propositional logic, even though mathematical logics were allegedly created independently of the ancient Greco-Roman logic. Fixing these problems reveals that the correct interpretation of the conditional statement is the equivalence/biconditional. This equivalent interpretation is interpreted by logicians as one of the most common everyday fallacies. Yet looking back on how the conditional statement was actually abstracted in the antiquity, it is evident that people were right and logicians were mistaken. Although the almost 50-year-old experimental psychological literature on the conditional did not confirm this common everyday tendency towards the biconditional interpretation, these findings are merely the result of unsystematic research. Running some of the long missing experiments leads the main experimental tasks to reveal overall the basic biconditional inferences. The approach presented in this book also resolves such dilemmas as the Wason’s abstract selection task, the paradox of the conditional statement and the Raven paradox. It is also shown here that the probabilistic interpretation of the conditional statement is not in conflict with this basic equivalent/biconditional interpretation. The approach is described in this book as the simplest possible non-monotonic logic, and pragmatic inferences, context effects, counterfactuals, possible world semantics and psychologism are also discussed. Since the conditional statement is equivalent to the universal affirmative statement in syllogisms, it is plausible to observe that fixing this same error in syllogisms also makes them compatible with people's actual inferences. Even the normally ambiguous Euler circles become an excellent tool to depict how this updated logic functions. Finally, with this new approach, the root of learning processes is inherently embedded into the logical abstraction of the conditional/universal affirmative statement, and hence, into logic in general. Therefore, this simple logic, presented in a non-technical way, has the potential to bring both human reasoning and learning under the umbrella of the same abstract system. This might be beneficial both for formalising psychology and for creating artificial intelligence.
Rules For Reasoning
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Author : Richard E. Nisbett
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2013-02-01
Rules For Reasoning written by Richard E. Nisbett and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-02-01 with Psychology categories.
This book examines two questions: Do people make use of abstract rules such as logical and statistical rules when making inferences in everyday life? Can such abstract rules be changed by training? Contrary to the spirit of reductionist theories from behaviorism to connectionism, there is ample evidence that people do make use of abstract rules of inference -- including rules of logic, statistics, causal deduction, and cost-benefit analysis. Such rules, moreover, are easily alterable by instruction as it occurs in classrooms and in brief laboratory training sessions. The fact that purely formal training can alter them and that those taught in one content domain can "escape" to a quite different domain for which they are also highly applicable shows that the rules are highly abstract. The major implication for cognitive science is that people are capable of operating with abstract rules even for concrete, mundane tasks; therefore, any realistic model of human inferential capacity must reflect this fact. The major implication for education is that people can be far more broadly influenced by training than is generally supposed. At high levels of formality and abstraction, relatively brief training can alter the nature of problem-solving for an infinite number of content domains.
Conditional Reasoning
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Author : Raymond S. Nickerson
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2015
Conditional Reasoning written by Raymond S. Nickerson and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Psychology categories.
Conditional reasoning is reasoning that involves statements of the sort If A (Antecedent) then C (Consequent). This type of reasoning is ubiquitous; everyone engages in it. Indeed, the ability to do so may be considered a defining human characteristic. Without this ability, human cognition would be greatly impoverished. "What-if" thinking could not occur. There would be no retrospective efforts to understand history by imagining how it could have taken a different course. Decisions that take possible contingencies into account could not be made; there could be no attempts to influence the future by selecting actions on the basis of their expected effects. Despite the commonness and importance of conditional reasoning and the considerable attention it has received from scholars, it remains the subject of much continuing debate. Unsettled questions, both normative and empirical, continue to be asked. What constitutes normative conditional reasoning? How do people engage in it? Does what people do match what would be expected of a rational agent with the abilities and limitations of human beings? If not, how does it deviate and how might people's ability to engage in it be improved? This book reviews the work of prominent psychologists and philosophers on conditional reasoning. It describes empirical research on how people deal with conditional arguments and on how conditional statements are used and interpreted in everyday communication. It examines philosophical and theoretical treatments of the mental processes that support conditional reasoning. Its extensive coverage of the subject makes it an ideal resource for students, teachers, and researchers with a focus on cognition across disciplines.
Conditional Reasoning
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Author : Raymond Nickerson
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2015-06-12
Conditional Reasoning written by Raymond Nickerson and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-06-12 with Psychology categories.
Conditional reasoning is reasoning that involves statements of the sort If A (Antecedent) then C (Consequent). This type of reasoning is ubiquitous; everyone engages in it. Indeed, the ability to do so may be considered a defining human characteristic. Without this ability, human cognition would be greatly impoverished. "What-if" thinking could not occur. There would be no retrospective efforts to understand history by imagining how it could have taken a different course. Decisions that take possible contingencies into account could not be made; there could be no attempts to influence the future by selecting actions on the basis of their expected effects. Despite the commonness and importance of conditional reasoning and the considerable attention it has received from scholars, it remains the subject of much continuing debate. Unsettled questions, both normative and empirical, continue to be asked. What constitutes normative conditional reasoning? How do people engage in it? Does what people do match what would be expected of a rational agent with the abilities and limitations of human beings? If not, how does it deviate and how might people's ability to engage in it be improved? This book reviews the work of prominent psychologists and philosophers on conditional reasoning. It describes empirical research on how people deal with conditional arguments and on how conditional statements are used and interpreted in everyday communication. It examines philosophical and theoretical treatments of the mental processes that support conditional reasoning. Its extensive coverage of the subject makes it an ideal resource for students, teachers, and researchers with a focus on cognition across disciplines.
The Nature Of Reasoning
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Author : Jacqueline P. Leighton
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2004
The Nature Of Reasoning written by Jacqueline P. Leighton and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Psychology categories.
We are bombarded with information - press releases, television news, Internet websites, and office memos, just to name a few - on a daily basis. However, the important conclusions that may or need to be inferred from such information are typically not provided. We must draw the conclusions by ourselves. How do we draw these conclusions? This book addresses how we reason to reach sensible conclusions. The purpose of this book is to organize in one volume what is known about reasoning, such as its structural prerequisites, its mechanisms, its susceptibility to pragmatic influences, its pitfalls, and the bases for its development. Given that reasoning underlies so many of our intellectual activities - when we learn, criticize, analyze, judge, infer, evaluate, optimize, apply, discover, imagine, devise, and create - we stand to gain a great deal if we can learn to define, operate, apply, and nurture our reasoning.
Cognition And Conditionals
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Author : Mike Oaksford
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2010
Cognition And Conditionals written by Mike Oaksford and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
The conditional, if...then, is probably the most important term in natural language and forms the core of systems of logic and mental representation. Cognition and Conditionals is the first volume for over 20 years that brings together recent developments in the cognitive science and psychology of conditional reasoning.
Fundamentals Of Cognitive Psychology
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Author : Ronald T. Kellogg
language : en
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Release Date : 2015-01-07
Fundamentals Of Cognitive Psychology written by Ronald T. Kellogg and has been published by SAGE Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-01-07 with Psychology categories.
With its reader-friendly style, this concise text offers a solid introduction to the fundamental concepts of cognitive psychology. Covering neuroimaging, emotion, and cognitive development, author Ronald T. Kellogg integrates the latest developments in cognitive neuroscience for a cutting-edge exploration of the field today. With new pedagogy, relevant examples, and an expanded full-color insert, Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, Third Edition is sure to engage students interested in an accessible and applied approach to cognitive psychology.
Logic In Everyday Life
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Author : Zachary Seech
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1988
Logic In Everyday Life written by Zachary Seech and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988 with Philosophy categories.
The Psychology Of Deductive Reasoning
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Author : Jonathan Evans
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2013-12-19
The Psychology Of Deductive Reasoning written by Jonathan Evans and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-12-19 with Psychology categories.
Originally published in 1982, this was an extensive and up-to-date review of research into the psychology of deductive reasoning, Jonathan Evans presents an alternative theoretical framework to the rationalist approach which had dominated much of the published work in this field at the time. The review falls into three sections. The first is concerned with elementary reasoning tasks, in which response latency is the prime measure of interest. The second and third sections are concerned with syllogistic and propositional reasoning respectively, in which interest has focused on the explanation of frequently observed logical errors. In an extended discussion it is argued that reasoning processes are content specific, and give little indication of the operation of any underlying system of logical competence. Finally, a dual process theory of reasoning, with broad implications and connections with other fields of psychology, is elaborated and assessed in the light of recent evidence.
Teaching Computational Thinking And Coding In Primary Schools
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Author : David Morris
language : en
Publisher: Learning Matters
Release Date : 2017-05-22
Teaching Computational Thinking And Coding In Primary Schools written by David Morris and has been published by Learning Matters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-05-22 with Education categories.
This core text for trainee primary teachers is a guide to the teaching of computing and coding, and provides an exploration of how children develop their computational thinking.