Conditional Reasoning
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Conditional Reasoning
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Author : Raymond Nickerson
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2015-06-12
Conditional Reasoning written by Raymond Nickerson and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-06-12 with Psychology categories.
Conditional reasoning is reasoning that involves statements of the sort If A (Antecedent) then C (Consequent). This type of reasoning is ubiquitous; everyone engages in it. Indeed, the ability to do so may be considered a defining human characteristic. Without this ability, human cognition would be greatly impoverished. "What-if" thinking could not occur. There would be no retrospective efforts to understand history by imagining how it could have taken a different course. Decisions that take possible contingencies into account could not be made; there could be no attempts to influence the future by selecting actions on the basis of their expected effects. Despite the commonness and importance of conditional reasoning and the considerable attention it has received from scholars, it remains the subject of much continuing debate. Unsettled questions, both normative and empirical, continue to be asked. What constitutes normative conditional reasoning? How do people engage in it? Does what people do match what would be expected of a rational agent with the abilities and limitations of human beings? If not, how does it deviate and how might people's ability to engage in it be improved? This book reviews the work of prominent psychologists and philosophers on conditional reasoning. It describes empirical research on how people deal with conditional arguments and on how conditional statements are used and interpreted in everyday communication. It examines philosophical and theoretical treatments of the mental processes that support conditional reasoning. Its extensive coverage of the subject makes it an ideal resource for students, teachers, and researchers with a focus on cognition across disciplines.
The Oxford Handbook Of Causal Reasoning
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Author : Michael Waldmann
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2017-03-30
The Oxford Handbook Of Causal Reasoning written by Michael Waldmann and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-30 with Psychology categories.
Causal reasoning is one of our most central cognitive competencies, enabling us to adapt to our world. Causal knowledge allows us to predict future events, or diagnose the causes of observed facts. We plan actions and solve problems using knowledge about cause-effect relations. Although causal reasoning is a component of most of our cognitive functions, it has been neglected in cognitive psychology for many decades. The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning offers a state-of-the-art review of the growing field, and its contribution to the world of cognitive science. The Handbook begins with an introduction of competing theories of causal learning and reasoning. In the next section, it presents research about basic cognitive functions involved in causal cognition, such as perception, categorization, argumentation, decision-making, and induction. The following section examines research on domains that embody causal relations, including intuitive physics, legal and moral reasoning, psychopathology, language, social cognition, and the roles of space and time. The final section presents research from neighboring fields that study developmental, phylogenetic, and cultural differences in causal cognition. The chapters, each written by renowned researchers in their field, fill in the gaps of many cognitive psychology textbooks, emphasizing the crucial role of causal structures in our everyday lives. This Handbook is an essential read for students and researchers of the cognitive sciences, including cognitive, developmental, social, comparative, and cross-cultural psychology; philosophy; methodology; statistics; artificial intelligence; and machine learning.
Cognition And Conditionals
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Author : Mike Oaksford
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2010
Cognition And Conditionals written by Mike Oaksford and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
The conditional, if...then, is probably the most important term in natural language and forms the core of systems of logic and mental representation. Cognition and Conditionals is the first volume for over 20 years that brings together recent developments in the cognitive science and psychology of conditional reasoning.
Reasoning As Memory
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Author : Aidan Feeney
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2014-10-03
Reasoning As Memory written by Aidan Feeney and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-10-03 with Psychology categories.
There is a growing acknowledgement of the importance of integrating the study of reasoning with other areas of cognitive psychology. The purpose of this volume is to examine the extent to which we can further our understanding of reasoning by integrating findings, theories and paradigms in the field of memory. Reasoning as Memory consists of nine chapters that make explicit links between basic memory process, and reasoning and decision-making. The contributors address a number of key topics including: the relationship between semantic memory and reasoning the role of expert memory in reasoning recognition memory and induction working memory and reasoning metamemory in reasoning. In addition, the chapters provide broad coverage of the field of thinking, and invite the intriguing question of how much there is left to explain in the field of reasoning when one has extracted the variance due to memory. This book will be of great interest to advanced undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers interested in reasoning or decision making, and to researchers interested in the role played in cognition by a variety of memory processes.
Comprehensive Handbook Of Personality And Psychopathology Personality And Everyday Functioning
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Author : Jay C. Thomas
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2006-01-11
Comprehensive Handbook Of Personality And Psychopathology Personality And Everyday Functioning written by Jay C. Thomas and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-01-11 with Psychology categories.
Personality and Everyday Functioning covers the foundations of personality theory and the impact of personality on normal functioning. Leading personality researchers present chapters on major theories of personality, such as psychoanalytic, developmental, behavioral, and constructivist, to name a few.
Cognition
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Author : Thomas A. Farmer
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2019
Cognition written by Thomas A. Farmer and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Psychology categories.
Margaret Matlin and new co-author Thomas Farmer's book demonstrates how cognitive processes are relevant to everyday, real-world experiences, and frequently examines how cognition can be applied to other disciplines such as clinical psychology, social psychology, consumer psychology, education, communication, business, medicine, and law.
Recent Developments In Recruitment And Selection
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Author : Kristina Potočnik
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2024-10-04
Recent Developments In Recruitment And Selection written by Kristina Potočnik and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-10-04 with Business & Economics categories.
This book brings together top recruitment and selection scholars to discuss recent challenges in employee recruitment and selection underpinned by research evidence from different European countries. Broadly speaking, recruitment and selection are concerned with attracting qualified candidates to apply for available jobs and selecting the best ones from the pool of available candidates. As such, they are critical to any business. Numerous toolkits and best practice guides exist to help recruiters navigate different stages of recruitment and selection. However, traditional recruitment and selection practices should be adjusted to respond to diverse challenges in the current and future world of work related with increased volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity. Specific examples of these challenges are related with the accelerated use of technology and artificial intelligence, as well as more flexible work practices, such as hybrid and platform-based work. The chapters in this volume cover the use of technology and gamification, applicant discrimination and stigmatization, and applicant reactions to technology-mediated selection methods, among others. This book is the ideal text for students, scholars and researchers of HRM, Business and Management and Organizational Psychology. It will also interest practitioners and professionals in the field. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology.
From Is To Ought The Place Of Normative Models In The Study Of Human Thought
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Author : Shira Elqayam
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2016-08-12
From Is To Ought The Place Of Normative Models In The Study Of Human Thought written by Shira Elqayam and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-12 with Psychology categories.
In the study of human thinking, two main research questions can be asked: “Descriptive Q: What is human thinking like? Normative Q: What ought human thinking be like?” For decades, these two questions have dominated the field, and the relationship between them generated many a controversy. Empirical normativist approaches regard the answers to these questions as positively correlated – in essence, human thinking is what it ought to be (although what counts as the ‘ought’ standard is moot). In contemporary theories of reasoning and decision making, this is often associated with a Panglossian framework, an adaptationist approach which regards human thinking as a priori rational. In contrast, prescriptive normativism sees the answers to these two questions as negatively correlated. Normative models are still relevant to human thought, but human behaviour deviates from them quite markedly (with the invited conclusion that humans are often irrational). Prescriptive normativism often results in a Meliorist agenda, which sees rationality as amenable to education. Both empirical and prescriptive normativism can be contrasted with a descriptivist framework for psychology of human thinking. Following Hume’s strict divide between the ‘is’ and the ‘ought’, descriptivism regards the descriptive and normative research questions as uncorrelated, or dissociated, with only the former question suitable for psychological study of human behaviour. This basic division carries over to the relation between normative (‘ought’) rationality, based on conforming to normative standards; and instrumental (‘is’) rationality, based on achieving one’s goals. Descriptivist approaches regard the two as dissociated, whereas normativist approaches tend to see them as closely linked, with normative arguments defining and justifying instrumental rationality. This research topic brings together diverse contributions to the continuing debate. Featuring contributions from leading researchers in the field, the e-book covers a wide range of subjects, arranged by six sections: The standard picture: Normativist perspectives In defence of soft normativism Exploring normative models Descriptivist perspectives Evolutionary and ecological accounts Empirical reports With a total of some 24 articles from 55 authors, this comprehensive treatment includes theoretical analyses, meta-theoretical critiques, commentaries, and a range of empirical reports. The contents of the Research Topic should appeal to psychologists, linguists, philosophers and cognitive scientists, with research interests in a wide range of domains, from language, through reasoning, judgment and decision making, and moral judgment, to epistemology and theory of mind, philosophical logic, and meta-ethics.
Conditionals Information And Inference
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Author : Gabriele Kern-Isberner
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2005-05-13
Conditionals Information And Inference written by Gabriele Kern-Isberner and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-05-13 with Computers categories.
Conditionals are fascinating and versatile objects of knowledge representation. On the one hand, they may express rules in a very general sense, representing, for example, plausible relationships, physical laws, and social norms. On the other hand, as default rules or general implications, they constitute a basic tool for reasoning, even in the presence of uncertainty. In this sense, conditionals are intimately connected both to information and inference. Due to their non-Boolean nature, however, conditionals are not easily dealt with. They are not simply true or false — rather, a conditional “if A then B” provides a context, A, for B to be plausible (or true) and must not be confused with “A entails B” or with the material implication “not A or B.” This ill- trates how conditionals represent information, understood in its strict sense as reduction of uncertainty. To learn that, in the context A, the proposition B is plausible, may reduce uncertainty about B and hence is information. The ab- ity to predict such conditioned propositions is knowledge and as such (earlier) acquired information. The ?rst work on conditional objects dates back to Boole in the 19th c- tury, and the interest in conditionals was revived in the second half of the 20th century, when the emerging Arti?cial Intelligence made claims for appropriate formaltoolstohandle“generalizedrules.”Sincethen,conditionalshavebeenthe topic of countless publications, each emphasizing their relevance for knowledge representation, plausible reasoning, nonmonotonic inference, and belief revision.
Measuring And Modeling Persons And Situations
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Author : Dustin Wood
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2021-06-23
Measuring And Modeling Persons And Situations written by Dustin Wood and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-23 with Psychology categories.
Measuring and Modeling Persons and Situations presents major innovations and contributions on the topic, promoting deeper integration, cross-pollination of ideas across diverse academic disciplines, and the facilitation of the development of practical applications such as matching people to jobs, understanding decision making, and predicting how a group of individuals will interact with one another. The book is organized around two overarching and interrelated themes, with the first focusing on assessing the person and the situation, covering methodological advances and techniques for inferring and measuring characteristics, and showing how they can be instantiated for measurement and predictive purposes. The book's second theme presents theoretical models, conceptualizing how factors of the person and situation can help us understand the psychological dynamics which underlie behavior, the psychological experience of fit or congruence with one's environment, and changes in personality traits over time. - Identifies technologies for measuring and predicting behavior - Infers behavior causes from personality and/or situational variables - Utilizes big data, machine learning and modeling to understand behavior - Includes mobile phone, social media and wearable tech usage analysis - Explores the stability of personality over time - Considers behavior analysis to treat maladaptive behavior