Extrasynaptic Neurotransmission As A Way Of Modulating Multiple Neuronal Functions
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Extrasynaptic Neurotransmission As A Way Of Modulating Multiple Neuronal Functions
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Author : Francisco F. De-Miguel
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date :
Extrasynaptic Neurotransmission As A Way Of Modulating Multiple Neuronal Functions written by Francisco F. De-Miguel and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.
Extrasynaptic transmission is a unifying term for a wide variety of cellular processes, in which outside of synaptic terminals transmitter substances activate extrasynaptic receptors. Whereas “synaptic transmission” immediately refers to a process occurring at nerve terminals in which the arrival of a presynaptic impulse evokes exocytosis followed by a postsynaptic response within a millisecond time scale, extrasynaptic transmission has a wide diversity of ultrastructural and therefore mechanistic associated phenomena. In comparison to synaptic, extrasynaptic exocytosis may last for seconds or even minutes, thus expanding the timing of neuronal signaling. Extrasynaptic transmission has now been demonstrated in central and peripheral neurons of vertebrates and invertebrates, and involves many different types of transmitter substances than include low molecular weight transmitters (acetilcholine, GABA, glutamate, ATP, and biogenic amines) and peptides (substance P, vasopressin and others). It may occur when transmitters leak out from the synaptic cleft and activate extrasynaptic receptors in neighboring neurons or glial cells, or when axonal varicosities, dendrites or the somata release transmitters in the absence of postsynaptic counterparts. The release mechanisms also vary from one neuron type to another and from one neuronal compartment to another. In some cases, clear vesicles are apposed to the resting plasma membrane, as in presynaptic terminals. In other cases, transmitters are packed onto dense core vesicles that rest at a distance from the release sites. In between, there are multiple morphological combinations that point to complementary mechanisms in different compartments of the same neuron and some times, even in the same compartment. For example, serotonergic varicosities may combine clear and dense core vesicles in stereotyped arrays. This diversity adds complexity to the nervous system and raises many questions that are waiting for answers. Extrasynaptic transmission may be the main source of transmitter molecules causing volume transmission, however this still lacks direct demonstration. From the physiological point of view, one may ask how does the neuronal firing pattern evokes synaptic or extrasynaptic transmitter release or what are the physiological effects of these modes of transmission. From the behavioral point of view it becomes interesting to explore how circuits and therefore behaviors are modulated. Some neurological disfunctions may also be related to deficiencies in extrasynaptic transmission, however, again, direct studies are still lacking. Developmental and evolutionary biologists may also find the topic inspiring. Extrasynaptic transmission not only expands our view about how the nervous system works, but also requires a change in the way we plan our research. New technological and computational tools are now being applied to analyze intracellular and extracellular transmitter mobilizations or long term changes of neuronal circuits. New definitions and mechanisms may become visible. In the meanwhile, this seems to be a good moment for a first common effort to analyze and discuss extrasynaptic transmission in different systems and from different perspectives.
Extrasynaptic Gabaa Receptors
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Author : Adam C. Errington
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2014-09-22
Extrasynaptic Gabaa Receptors written by Adam C. Errington and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-09-22 with Medical categories.
GABA is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and acts via GABAA and GABAB receptors. Recently, a novel form of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition, termed “tonic” inhibition, has been described. Whereas synaptic GABAA receptors underlie classical “phasic” GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition (inhibitory postsynaptic currents), tonic GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition results from the activation of extrasynaptic receptors by low concentrations of ambient GABA. Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors are composed of receptor subunits that convey biophysical properties ideally suited to the generation of persistent inhibition and are pharmacologically and functionally distinct from their synaptic counterparts. This book highlights ongoing work examining the properties of recombinant and native extrasynaptic GABAA receptors and their preferential targeting by endogenous and clinically relevant agents. In addition, it emphasizes the important role of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in GABAergic inhibition throughout the CNS and identifies them as a major player in both physiological and pathophysiological processes.
Synaptic Function
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Author : Neurosciences Institute (New York, N.Y.)
language : en
Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
Release Date : 1987
Synaptic Function written by Neurosciences Institute (New York, N.Y.) and has been published by Wiley-Interscience this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Medical categories.
This book consists of five sections. The first section details methods for analyzing both presynaptic and postsynaptic function and emphasizes the molecular aspects of synapses. It describes ongoing studies of neurotransmitter release, voltage- sensitive ion channels, and electronic transmission at gap junctions. The second section focuses on the growing menagerie of neurotransmitters: their catagorization into chemical families, their relation to ion channels, their modulation by second messenger systems and their role in pharmacologic action. The third section considers the important relationship of transmitter diversity and synaptic types to the behavior of actual cellular networks. All of the studies described in these sections point to the necessity of considering interactions between anatomy, chemistry, physiology and pharmacology if synaptic function is to be understood at any one of these levels of analysis.
Dynamics And Modulation Of Synaptic Transmission In The Mammalian Cns
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Author : Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2019-06-21
Dynamics And Modulation Of Synaptic Transmission In The Mammalian Cns written by Maria Elisa Calcagnotto and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-21 with categories.
Neurotransmitter Release
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Author : Hugo J. Bellen
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 1999
Neurotransmitter Release written by Hugo J. Bellen and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Medical categories.
This book provides the reader with background information on neurotransmitter release. Emphasis is placed on the rationale by which proteins are assigned specific functions rather than just providing facts about function.
Receptor Receptor Interactions
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Author : Kjell Fuxe
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-13
Receptor Receptor Interactions written by Kjell Fuxe and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-13 with Computers categories.
Jasper S Basic Mechanisms Of The Epilepsies
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Author : Jeffrey Noebels
language : en
Publisher: OUP USA
Release Date : 2012-06-29
Jasper S Basic Mechanisms Of The Epilepsies written by Jeffrey Noebels and has been published by OUP USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-06-29 with Medical categories.
Jasper's Basic Mechanisms, Fourth Edition, is the newest most ambitious and now clinically relevant publishing project to build on the four-decade legacy of the Jasper's series. In keeping with the original goal of searching for "a better understanding of the epilepsies and rational methods of prevention and treatment.", the book represents an encyclopedic compendium neurobiological mechanisms of seizures, epileptogenesis, epilepsy genetics and comordid conditions. Of practical importance to the clinician, and new to this edition are disease mechanisms of genetic epilepsies and therapeutic approaches, ranging from novel antiepileptic drug targets to cell and gene therapies.
Glutamate Related Biomarkers In Drug Development For Disorders Of The Nervous System
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Author : Institute of Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2011-08-05
Glutamate Related Biomarkers In Drug Development For Disorders Of The Nervous System written by Institute of Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-08-05 with Medical categories.
Glutamate is the most pervasive neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Despite this fact, no validated biological markers, or biomarkers, currently exist for measuring glutamate pathology in CNS disorders or injuries. Glutamate dysfunction has been associated with an extensive range of nervous system diseases and disorders. Problems with how the neurotransmitter glutamate functions in the brain have been linked to a wide variety of disorders, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, substance abuse, and traumatic brain injury. These conditions are widespread, affecting a large portion of the United States population, and remain difficult to treat. Efforts to understand, treat, and prevent glutamate-related disorders can be aided by the identification of valid biomarkers. The Institute of Medicine's Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders held a workshop on June 21-22, 2010, to explore ways to accelerate the development, validation, and implementation of such biomarkers. Glutamate-Related Biomarkers in Drug Development for Disorders of the Nervous System: Workshop Summary investigates promising current and emerging technologies, and outlines strategies to procure resources and tools to advance drug development for associated nervous system disorders. Moreover, this report highlights presentations by expert panelists, and the open panel discussions that occurred during the workshop.
Neuropsychopharmacotherapy
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Author : Peter Riederer
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-11-04
Neuropsychopharmacotherapy written by Peter Riederer and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-11-04 with Medical categories.
This book provides a reference guide describing the current status of medication in all major psychiatric and neurological indications, together with comparisons of pharmacological treatment strategies in clinical settings in Europe, USA, Japan and China. In addition, it highlights herbal medicine as used in China and Japan, as well as complementary medicine and nutritional aspects. This novel approach offers international readers a global approach in a single dedicated publication and is also a valuable resource for anyone interested in comparing treatments for psychiatric disorders in three different cultural areas. There are three volumes devoted to Basic Principles and General Aspects, offering a general overview of psychopharmacotherapy (Vol. 1); Classes, Drugs and Special Aspects covering the role of psychotropic drugs in the field of psychiatry and neurology (Vol. 2) and Applied Psychopharmacotherapy focusing on applied psychopharmacotherapy (Vol. 3). These books are invaluable to psychiatrists, neurologists, neuroscientists, medical practitioners and clinical psychologists.
Vertebrate Endocrinology
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Author : David O. Norris
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2013-05-04
Vertebrate Endocrinology written by David O. Norris and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-05-04 with Science categories.
Vertebrate Endocrinology represents more than just a treatment of the endocrine system-it integrates hormones with other chemical bioregulatory agents not classically included with the endocrine system. It provides a complete overview of the endocrine system of vertebrates by first emphasizing the mammalian system as the basis of most terminology and understanding of endocrine mechanisms and then applies that to non-mammals. The serious reader will gain both an understanding of the intricate relationships among all of the body systems and their regulation by hormones and other bioregulators, but also a sense of their development through evolutionary time as well as the roles of hormones at different stages of an animal's life cycle. Includes new full color format includes over 450 full color, completely redrawn image Features a companion web site hosting all images from the book as PPT slides and .jpeg files Presents completedly updated and revitalized content with new chapters, such as Endocrine Disrupters and Behavioral Endocrinology Offers new clinical correlation vignettes throughout