Foundations Of Modern Global Seismology

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Foundations Of Modern Global Seismology

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Author : Charles J. Ammon
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2020-10-13

Foundations Of Modern Global Seismology written by Charles J. Ammon and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-10-13 with Science categories.

Modern Global Seismology, Second Edition, is a complete, self-contained primer on seismology, featuring extensive coverage of all related aspects—from observational data through prediction—and emphasizing the fundamental theories and physics governing seismic waves, both natural and anthropogenic. Based on thoroughly class-tested material, the text provides a unique perspective on Earth's large-scale internal structure and dynamic processes, particularly earthquake sources, and the application of theory to the dynamic processes of the earth's upper layer. This insightful new edition is designed for accessibility and comprehension for graduate students entering the field.Exploration seismologists will also find it an invaluable resource on topics such as elastic-wave propagation, seismic instrumentation, and seismogram analysis. - Includes more than 400 illustrations, from both recent and traditional research articles, to help readers visualize mathematical relationships, as well as boxed features to explain advanced topics - Offers incisive treatments of seismic waves, waveform evaluation and modeling, and seismotectonics, as well as quantitative treatments of earthquake source mechanics and numerous examples of modern broadband seismic recordings - Covers current seismic instruments and networks and demonstrates modern waveform inversion methods - Includes extensive, updated references for further reading new to this edition - Features reorganized chapters split into two sections, beginning with introductory content such as tectonics and seismogram analysis, and moving on to more advanced topics, including seismic wave excitation and propagation, multivariable and vector calculus, and tensor approaches - Completely updated references and figures to bring the text up to date Includes all-new sections on recent advancements and to enhance examples and understanding Split into shorter chapters to allow more flexibility for instructors and easier access for researchers, and includes exercises

The East African Rift System

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Author : Athanas Simon Macheyeki
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2024-03-14

The East African Rift System written by Athanas Simon Macheyeki and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-03-14 with Technology & Engineering categories.

The East African Rift System: Geodynamics and Natural Resource Potentials provides state-of-the-art knowledge and skills on how to explore, model, and extract the resources, using the East African Rift System (EARS) as a model. Each aspect to be discussed in the East African Rift System shall have its equivalent case study and readers interested in each rift of the world will find something connected or linked to his/her rift system of interest, be it a sub-chapter on earthquakes, geothermal energy models, etc. The East African Rift System: Geodynamics and Natural Resource Potentials also describes rifting models of all other known rifts (especially continental rifts) of the world such as the Basin and Range Province, Rio Grande (USA); Rhine Graben (France and Germany); the Tibetan Rohai (Tibet); the Shaanxi Bohai (China); Lake Baikal (Russia); North Island (Australia); and the Aegean Sea Rift (Turkey). Key aspects to be presented shall be: rift type, rift age, rift physical dimensions, geothermal gradient models, natural resources, and models of exploration. - Connects the science of rift systems to their economic potentials using the East African Rift System as the prime example - Includes discussions and case studies from rift systems around the world - Features chapters dedicated to natural resources, such as mineral deposit types (Au, He, REE, U) and the basic principles of their exploration

Direction Of Arrival Estimation For Wildlife Protection

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Author : Gustav Zetterqvist
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2024-10-03

Direction Of Arrival Estimation For Wildlife Protection written by Gustav Zetterqvist and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-10-03 with categories.

Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation is a well-established problem in signal processing. It involves determining the direction from which a signal reaches a sensor array, and is fundamental in applications like radar, sonar, and acoustics. Traditionally, DOA estimation relies on comparing the time of arrival of the signal across different sensors in the array. However, this approach is sensitive to the time difference of arrival (TDOA) between sensors, which can be challenging to estimate accurately. Additionally, precise synchronization among the sensors is essential, but this can be difficult to achieve in certain environments or applications. In this thesis, we explore a novel approach to DOA estimation based on the received signal power at the sensors. The method exploits the directional sensitivity of the microphones in the array, which defines how effectively each microphone captures sound from different directions. To model the directional sensitivity, we use a Fourier series (FS) model. The model is then used to estimate the DOA of a sound source across various environments, and for different types of signals. The parametric model enables Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) analysis of the DOA estimation problem. Our findings demonstrate that the directional sensitivity exhibits a significant variation in accordance with the frequency content of the signal, and we exploit this to estimate the DOA for different types of sounds. The proposed method has been validated with a range of signals, including gunshots, elephant trumpets, sirens, and female screams. The results show that the developed method achieves high accuracy in estimating the DOA for the above-mentioned signals. Furthermore, the method performs similarly well in outdoor scenarios with realistic background noise levels. When compared to state-of-the-art DOA estimation techniques, our approach performs better or equally well for the investigated sounds. A key advantage of this method is that it does not require any TDOA measurement between the microphones, enabling the design of smaller, more compact devices. This opens up new possibilities for estimating DOA in environments where traditional methods are impractical. A limitation, however, is that the method requires knowledge of the microphone’s directional sensitivity, which necessitates calibration in an anechoic chamber. Nevertheless, this calibration has proven to be robust, and only needs to be performed once to create a model applicable across different environments. Additionally, this thesis explores a different application of DOA estimation, where geophones are used to estimate the DOA to elephants. As elephants move, they generate ground vibrations, and these signals can be captured by geophones. We show that a traditional delay-and-sum beamformer can accurately estimate the DOA of elephants at distances up to 40 meters. By determining when elephants are approaching and from which direction, park rangers can take early measures to avoid conflicts between humans and elephants, which is a major problem in some parts of the world. Förmågan att höra var ett ljud kommer ifrån, något vi ofta tar för givet, kallas för riktningsuppfattning. Den gör det möjligt för oss att snabbt avgöra om någon ropar på oss och från vilket håll ljudet kommer. Denna förmåga är viktig för att kunna orientera sig i omgivningen och uppfatta hot eller andra viktiga ljud. Våra öron samarbetar genom att jämföra hur ljud når varje öra, både när det gäller ljudets intensitet och hur lång tid det tar för ljudet att nå dem. Det här kallas för interaural tids- och nivåskillnad. Vissa ljud kan dock vara svåra att uppfatta, till exempel om ljudet är kort och impulsivt, eller om det är i en stadsmiljö med mycket bakgrundsljud och reflektioner. I den här avhandlingen undersöker vi nya metoder för att uppskatta ljudets riktning. Vi använder mikrofoner för att mäta ljudet och beräknar därefter riktningen som ljudet kommer ifrån. Traditionella metoder fokuserar på tidsskillnaden mellan ljud som registreras i olika mikrofoner. Vi tar istället en annan väg och undersöker hur ljudets styrka kan användas för att avgöra riktningen, oavsett tidsskillnader mellan mikrofonerna. Vår metod bygger på att vi skapar en modell av mikrofonernas riktningskänslighet, det vill säga hur väl de uppfattar ljud från olika håll. Modellen skapas genom att mäta mikrofonens riktningskänslighet i ett ekofritt rum. Genom att först mäta detta i en kontrollerad miljö, utan ekon, kan vi sedan använda modellen för att beräkna ljudriktningen i mer varierande miljöer och för olika typer av ljud. Till exempel har vi använt ljud såsom pistolskott, elefanttrumpeter, sirener och skrik för att testa vår metod. Resultaten visar att vår metod kan beräkna riktningar med hög noggrannhet för de ovan nämnda ljuden, även i en utomhusmiljö med mer realistiska nivåer av bakgrundsljud. När vi jämfört vår metod med traditionella metoder, presterar vår lösning lika bra eller bättre för de testade ljuden. En stor fördel med vår metod är att den inte kräver att mikrofonerna är placerade på ett visst avstånd från varandra, vilket innebär att vi kan bygga mindre och mer kompakta enheter. Detta kan leda till nya typer av produkter för att identifiera ljudriktningar i olika situationer. En nackdel är dock att mikrofonernas riktningskänslighet måste kalibreras i ett ljudlabb, men denna kalibrering har visat sig vara robust och det räcker att utföra en kalibrering som kan användas i flera olika miljöer. I avhandlingen inkluderas även en annan tillämpning av riktningsskattning, nämligen att uppskatta riktningen till elefanter med hjälp av geofoner som mäter vibrationer i marken. Elefanter är stora djur som skapar tydliga vibrationer i marken när de går. Genom att mäta dessa vibrationer med geofoner kan vi uppskatta riktningen till elefanten. Vi visar att traditionella metoder kan uppskatta riktningen med hög noggrannhet på ett avstånd upp till 40 meter. Genom att avgöra när elefanter närmar sig människor och varifrån de kommer kan parkvakter vidta åtgärder för att undvika konflikter mellan människor och elefanter, vilket är ett stort problem i vissa delar av världen.

Rock Dynamics Progress And Prospect Volume 1

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Author : Jianchun Li
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2023-05-28

Rock Dynamics Progress And Prospect Volume 1 written by Jianchun Li and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-05-28 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Rock Dynamics: Progress and Prospect contains 153 scientific and technical papers presented at the Fourth International Conference on Rock Dynamics and Applications (RocDyn-4, Xuzhou, China, 17-19 August 2022). The two-volume set has 7 sections. Volume 1 includes the first four sections with 6 keynotes and 5 young scholar plenary session papers, and contributions on analysis and theoretical development, and experimental testing and techniques. Volume 2 contains the remaining three sections with 74 papers on numerical modelling and methods, seismic and earthquake engineering, and rock excavation and engineering. Rock Dynamics: Progress and Prospect will serve as a reference on developments in rock dynamics scientific research and on rock dynamics engineering applications. The previous volumes in this series (RocDyn-1, RocDyn-2, and RocDyn-3) are also available via CRC Press.

Modern Global Seismology

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Author : Thorne Lay
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 1995-05-18

Modern Global Seismology written by Thorne Lay and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995-05-18 with Science categories.

Intended as an introduction to the field, Modern Global Seismology is a complete, self-contained primer on seismology. It features extensive coverage of all related aspects, from observational data through prediction, emphasizing the fundamental theories and physics governing seismic waves--both natural and anthropogenic. Based on thoroughly class-tested material, the text provides a unique perspective on the earths large-scale internal structure and dynamic processes, particularly earthquake sources, and on the application of theory to the dynamic processes of the earths upper skin. Authored by two experts in the field of geophysics. this insightful text is designed for the first-year graduate course in seismology. Exploration seismologists will also find it an invaluable resource on topics such as elastic-wave propagation, seismicinstrumentation, and seismogram analysis useful in interpreting their high-resolution images of structure for oil and mineral resource exploration. - More than 400 illustrations, many from recent research articles, help readers visualize mathematical relationships - 49 Boxed Features explain advanced topics - Provides readers with the most in-depth presentation of earthquake physics available - Contains incisive treatments of seismic waves, waveform evaluation and modeling, and seismotectonics - Provides quantitative treatment of earthquake source mechanics - Contains numerous examples of modern broadband seismic recordings - Fully covers current seismic instruments and networks - Demonstrates modern waveform inversion methods - Includes extensive references for further reading

Review Of Nasa S Solid Earth Science Strategy

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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2004-09-13

Review Of Nasa S Solid Earth Science Strategy written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-09-13 with Science categories.

The report reviews NASA's solid-earth science strategy, placing particular emphasis on observational strategies for measuring surface deformation, high-resolution topography, surface properties, and the variability of the earth's magnetic and gravity fields. The report found that NASA is uniquely positioned to implement these observational strategies and that a number of agency programs would benefit from the resulting data. In particular, the report strongly endorses the near-term launch of a satellite dedicated to L-band InSAR measurements of the land surface, which is a key component of the U.S. Geological Survey's hazards mitigation program and the multi-agency EarthScope program.

Proceedings Of The 9th International Conference On Physical And Mathematical Modelling Of Earth And Environmental Processes

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Author : Vladimir Karev
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2024-06-25

Proceedings Of The 9th International Conference On Physical And Mathematical Modelling Of Earth And Environmental Processes written by Vladimir Karev and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-06-25 with Science categories.

This book presents short papers of participants of the 9th International Scientific Conference-School for Young Scientists «Physical and Mathematical Modeling of Earth and Environment Processes. A special focus is given to the extraction of hydrocarbon resources, including from unconventional sources. An alternative to the use of hydrocarbons as a main source of energy on the Planet in the coming decades is unlikely to be found. At the same time, the resource base of hydrocarbons is quickly depleted, in particularly, large and accessible oil and gas fields. The shale oil and gas, Arctic hydrocarbon stocks, gas hydrates, coal bed methane, oil and gas from deep horizons can become new sources. "Deep oil" may be the most promising source of expanding the resource base of hydrocarbons according to many experts. New technologies are required to their development. Efficient low-cost technologies can be created on the basis of geomechanical approach, i.e., through the use of a huge elastic energy stored in the rock massif due to rock pressure. The creation of new breakthrough approaches to the development of hydrocarbon fields is very important in today's geopolitical conditions and requires the involvement of young minds and strength. International activities, including the youth scientific schools, can become an effective tool for exchange of information and the organizing of interdisciplinary research of processes in geo-environment. The book presents the new results of the experimental and theoretical modeling of deformation, fracture, and filtration processes in the rocks in connection to issues of creating scientific fundamentals for new hydrocarbon production technologies. The investigations of the dependence of well stability and permeability of rocks on the stress-strain state in conditions of deep horizons and high rock pressure are also represented.

The Physics Of Planet Earth And Its Natural Wonders

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Author : Dmitry Livanov
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2023-06-18

The Physics Of Planet Earth And Its Natural Wonders written by Dmitry Livanov and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-06-18 with Science categories.

From earthquakes to the northern lights and tsunamis to glacier movement, the author explains thousands of phenomena in the world around us. All of this is done using language that is simple and understandable, and at the same time this book does not try to deceive the reader, as materials of this nature often do, but uses exact physical formulas where they are needed. This book serves as an invaluable reference for physics teachers and should inspire high school students to study physics. Many of them will very likely be able to understand that riveting events and phenomena lie behind those very same formulas that just yesterday seemed so boring. This is an excellent and unique way of easily submerging oneself into the world of science and a non-stop intellectual challenge that lures the reader in much more than any game of chess. Sir Andre Geim, 2010 Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics There are plenty of high school students who continue to find science interesting today. Dmitry Livanov’s book, which is both useful and held in high regard, is written precisely with these young people in mind. This book can be used by teachers who want to expand the narrow scope of subject material in their classes and enable students to broaden their perspective about how to apply the laws of physics in order to understand such a complex natural object as planet Earth. This book will be of interest to high school students and graduates of high schools, specialized high schools and preparatory schools who want to test their understanding of physics, astronomy and geography. This book strengthens the foundation of scientific knowledge in today’s world, which repeatedly tests the strength of the collective body of science. Evgeniy Yamburg, Member of the Russian Academy of Education Principal, School #109, Moscow Dmitry Livanov was able to write a book that is interesting both for those who are just beginning to become familiar with physics, and for those who for various reasons have forgotten much of what they knew at one time. He succeeded in doing this because he himself knows and loves physics and because physics—as the most important part of human culture—is interesting to him. I hope that readers of this book will not only recognize the usefulness and importance of physics, but also appreciate its beauty and allure. Andrey Furchenko, Doctor of Physics and Mathematics, Aide to the President of the Russian Federation

Fundamentals Of Seismic Loading On Structures

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Author : Tapan K. Sen
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2009-04-29

Fundamentals Of Seismic Loading On Structures written by Tapan K. Sen and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-04-29 with Science categories.

This book provides a practical guide to the basic essentials of earthquake engineering with a focus on seismic loading and structural design. Benefiting from the author’s extensive career in structural and earthquake engineering, dynamic analysis and lecturing, it is written from an industry perspective at a level suitable for graduate students. Fundamentals of Seismic Loading on Structures is organised into four major sections: introduction to earthquakes and related engineering problems, analysis, seismic loading, and design concepts. From a practical perspective, reviews linear and non-linear behaviour, introduces concepts of uniform hazard spectra, discusses loading provisions in design codes and examines soil-structure interaction issues, allowing the reader to quickly identify and implement information in a working environment. Discusses probabilistic methods that are widely employed in the assessment of seismic hazard, illustrating the use of Monte Carlo simulation with a number of worked examples. Summarises the latest developments in the field such as performance-based seismic engineering and advances in liquefaction research. “There are many books on earthquake engineering, but few are of direct use to the practising structural designer. This one, however, offers a new perspective, putting emphasis on the practical aspects of quantifying seismic loading, and explaining the importance of geotechnical effects during a major seismic event in readily understandable terms. The author has succeeded in marrying important seismological considerations with structural engineering practice, and this long-awaited book will find ready acceptance in the profession.” Professor Patrick J. Dowling CBE, DL, DSc, FIStructE, Hon MRIA, FIAE, FREng, FRS Chairman, British Association for the Advancement of Science Emeritus Professor and Retired Vice Chancellor, University of Surrey

Monitoring A Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

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Author : Eystein S. Husebye
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06

Monitoring A Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty written by Eystein S. Husebye and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.

An international treaty banning the testing of any nuclear device in any environment - a comprehensive test ban treaty (CTBT) - has been on the political agenda for nearly 40 years. Objections to a CTBT have been political, technical, or a combination of both. However, the possibilities seem better after the end of the Cold War. In the prevailing, cooperative disarmament climate a CTBT appears likely to be approved by most countries in 1996. Hence the great current interest in monitoring technologies and capabilities. Such issues are comprehensively addressed here, a preamble being devoted to the political developments and setbacks over the past 40 years. Since seismic means are considered the dominant monitoring element, they are explored in detail. Contributions cover network deployments, advanced signal processing, wave propagation in heterogeneous media, and seismic source representations, and a variety of techniques for source classification (including neuralnetworks). Complementary monitoring techniques, such as hydroacoustics, radionuclides and infrasound, are also summarised. The IAEA operation for monitoring compliance with the Non-Proliferation Treaty is also presented. The book also includes eyewitness accounts of the Soviet 50 Mt megabomb development and test, as well as the efforts made by the state to monitor the nuclear test programmes of the western powers. Includes some 33 articles written by distinguished scientists active in CTBT monitoring research for decades.