Francisella Tularensis And Tularemia

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Francisella Tularensis And Tularemia

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Author : Anders Sjöstedt
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date : 2011-06-11

Francisella Tularensis And Tularemia written by Anders Sjöstedt and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-06-11 with categories.

The bacterium today known as Francisella tularensis was first identified 99 years ago and, since then, much research has been devoted to study it and the resulting disease, tularemia. F. tularensis became the focus of an intense research effort during the first half of the 20th century, in particularly in the United States and Soviet Union, since the disease was fairly common. Due to its high infectivity, ease of spread, and severity of the resulting disease, it was one of the agents given the highest priority in the biological weapon programs of the United States and Soviet Union. After termination of these programs in the 1960s, the interest in F. tularensis diminished significantly, but after several decades of little attention, the last decade has led to resurgence in the research on F. tularensis. In 2003, the Science magazine phrased it as follows: “an obscure weapon of the cold war edges into the limelight”. There were multiple reasons for this resurgence, one of which was an increase in the number of tularemia cases in several European countries and, moreover, the intense research effort on potential bioterrorist agents in the US post 9/11. Thereby, the number of annual publications on F. tularensis has tripled in 10 years, and many new research groups, in particular American, have entered the field. This has led to very rapid development of state-of-the-art research tools, and fast progress in the understanding of F. tularensis. A proof of the rapid progress was the publication of a comprehensive volume on Francisella and tularemia in 2007. Although only four years ago, the rapid pace of the research has led to many new discoveries since then and, to this end, we now present a collection of articles from leading scientists on the up-to-date knowledge regarding F. tularensis. The articles cover important areas such as molecular research tools, experimental models, genomics, virulence mechanisms, manipulation and subversion of host responses, host immune responses, and the ecology of F. tularensis.

Who Guidelines On Tularaemia

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Author : World Health Organization
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2007-12-15

Who Guidelines On Tularaemia written by World Health Organization and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-12-15 with Medical categories.

Tularaemia is a bacterial zoonotic disease of the northern hemisphere. The bacterium (Francisella tularensis) is highly virulent for humans and a range of animals such as rodents hares and rabbits. Humans can infect themselves by direct contact with infected animals by arthropod bites by ingestion of contaminated water or food or by inhalation of infective aerosols. There is no human-to-human transmission. In addition to its natural occurrence F. tularensis evokes great concern as a potential bioterrorism agent. F. tularensis subspecies tularensis is one of the most infectious pathogens known in human medicine. In order to avoid laboratory-associated infection safety measures are needed and consequently clinical laboratories do not generally accept specimens for culture. However since clinical management of cases depends on early recognition there is an urgent need for diagnostic services. This first edition of WHO Guidelines on tularaemia provides background information on the disease describes the current best practices for its diagnosis and treatments in humans suggests measures to be taken in case of epidemics and provides guidance on how to handle F. tularensis in the laboratory. The target audience includes clinicians laboratory personnel public health workers veterinarians and any other person with an interest in zoonoses.

Tularemia Francisella Tularensis

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Author : Virginia. Department of Health
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003

Tularemia Francisella Tularensis written by Virginia. Department of Health and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Emerging infectious diseases categories.

Tularemia In Hares In Sweden

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Author : Torsten Mörner
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994

Tularemia In Hares In Sweden written by Torsten Mörner and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Francisella tularensis categories.

Tularemia Epidemiology Ecology Genomics Immunity And Pathogenesis

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Author : Marina Santic
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2020-01-22

Tularemia Epidemiology Ecology Genomics Immunity And Pathogenesis written by Marina Santic and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-01-22 with categories.

Tularemia is a severe anthropozoonosis caused by Francisella tularensis. The genus Francisella contains five species: F. tularensis, F. philomiragia, F. hispaniensis, F. noatunensis and F. novicida. First described in 1911 in Tulare County, California, it has since been reported worldwide, capable of infecting more than 250 vertebrates and invertebrate species. Although it causes disease in various animal species, no animal has been identified as a main reservoir of this pathogen. Humans acquire infection by several routes, including direct contact with infected animals, ingestion of water or food contaminated by infected animals, exposure to infected arthropod vectors or by inhalation of infective aerosols resulting in pneumonic, oropharyngeal, glandular, ulceroglandular or oculoglandular tularemia. The clinical presentation of human tularemia depends on route of the infection, the causative Francisella strain, and the immune response of the host. A live attenuated vaccine (LVS) has been available for more than 50 years, however, unlikely to become licensed in the future due to a lack of understanding of the genetic basis for its attenuation. Due to the ease of its dissemination, its multiple routes of infection, its low dose of infection, severe morbidity, and high rate of mortality, F. tularensis subsp. tularensis has been classified as a category A bioterrorism agent by the CDC. Many virulence factors of F. tularensis have been discovered and investigated, but more in-depth host pathogen interaction analyses are needed to define mechanisms of pathogenicity and virulence of this unique pathogen.

New Anti Infective Strategies For Treatment Of Tularemia

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Author : Max Maurin
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date : 2014-11-21

New Anti Infective Strategies For Treatment Of Tularemia written by Max Maurin and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-11-21 with Infectious and parasitic diseases categories.

Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, is a paradigm among human pathogens. This Gram-negative bacterium has an intracellular lifestyle, which probably reflects an adaptation to its natural animal and protozoa reservoirs. This is one of the most infectious agents in humans and animals; only a few bacteria are needed to induce a severe infection in both types of hosts. The clinical presentation and severity of human tularemia varies according to the portal of entry of bacteria, the bacterial inoculum, the virulence of the infecting strain, and the immune response of the host. Although most infections occur after direct inoculation of bacteria through the skin (through skin wounds or bites of arthropods), pneumonia due to inhalation of infected aerosols is the most feared of the clinical forms of the disease, particularly in the context of biological threat. Two subspecies are responsible for tularemia (subsp. tularensis and subsp. holarctica), and several clades have been described for each, which might be associated with changes in disease severity in humans. Tularemia is also more severe in people with an impaired immune response. No safe vaccine is currently available for prophylaxis of tularemia in humans. On the other hand, control of proliferation of F. tularensis in wildlife is not feasible. Thus, only the anti-infective agents are used for treatment and prophylaxis of human tularemia. The standard options include aminoglycosides (gentamicin), tetracyclines (eg, doxycycline) and fluoroquinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin). The selection of acquired resistance to these antibiotics in F. tularensis, especially in the context of a biological threat, may quickly limit the therapeutic options. New prophylactic and therapeutic alternatives must be developed rapidly. The present Research Topic focuses on potential new strategies for treatment of tularemia, including the development and evaluation of new compounds having proper antibacterial activity, reducing the virulence of F. tularensis or enhancing the immune host response.

Advances In Francisella Research And Application 2011 Edition

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Author :
language : en
Publisher: ScholarlyEditions
Release Date : 2012-01-09

Advances In Francisella Research And Application 2011 Edition written by and has been published by ScholarlyEditions this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-01-09 with Medical categories.

Advances in Francisella Research and Application: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyBrief™ that delivers timely, authoritative, comprehensive, and specialized information about Francisella in a concise format. The editors have built Advances in Francisella Research and Application: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Francisella in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Advances in Francisella Research and Application: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Netter S Infectious Diseases E Book

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Author : Elaine C. Jong
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
Release Date : 2021-03-19

Netter S Infectious Diseases E Book written by Elaine C. Jong and has been published by Elsevier Health Sciences this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-19 with Medical categories.

Widely used by students, residents, generalists, and specialists, Netter’s Infectious Diseases, 2nd Edition delivers must-know information on infectious diseases in a highly illustrated, easily accessible format. Concise visual overviews of essential topics provide a convenient, trustworthy way to review the basics of a given infectious disease or issue or to share with patients or staff. Drs. Elaine Jong and Dennis Stevens cover the wide spectrum of illness and disease in this complex field using memorable illustrations by world-renowned artist Frank H. Netter and others, offering a time-saving, authoritative look at infectious disease risk factors, clinical presentations, pathophysiology, and more. Covers major conditions and problems such as vaccine-preventable diseases, drug-resistant staph, community acquired pneumonia, surgical infections, pyelonephritis, viral hepatitis, and sexually transmitted infections—and provides updated approaches to diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and standards of care. Includes new clinical vignettes added to most chapters Provides updated and expanded coverage of emerging infectious diseases such as multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), neuroangiostrongyliasis (rat lungworm disease), Ebola virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Disease (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Coronavirus Infectious Disease-2019 (COVID-19), and novel influenza viruses including public health concerns. Covers vector-borne diseases including malaria, yellow fever, Zika infections and congenital Zika syndrome, West Nile fever, Lyme disease, tick-borne encephalitis, and Chagas disease plus others. New chapters on travelers’ diarrhea, cholera, and primary amebic meningoencephalitis debut in the section on international travel and outdoor activities. Contains memorable parasite life cycles and unforgettable parasite infection clinical vignettes. Features unparalleled illustrations by Drs. Frank H. Netter, Carlos Machado, and others, as well as radiologic images. Provides 24 printable patient education brochures in the digital ebook.

Dissecting The Interactions Between Francisella Tularensis And Its Murine Host

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Author : Kaitian Peng
language : en
Publisher: Stanford University
Release Date : 2011

Dissecting The Interactions Between Francisella Tularensis And Its Murine Host written by Kaitian Peng and has been published by Stanford University this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.

Francisella is a gram-negative bacterium that causes tularemia. It is capable of infecting a remarkably broad host range including humans, mammals, birds and fish via multiple different routes of infection, establishing a successful colonization event within the various organs. This facultative, intracellular pathogen is also capable of invading a broad range of host cell types ranging from macrophages to fibroblasts. This is an extremely fascinating facet of the bacterium. The ability of Francisella to infect such a wide range of hosts and cell types suggests that the bacterium either co-opts cellular mechanisms common to all hosts and cell types or has the requisite bacterial genes to adapt to many different intraorganismal environments, or both. We were interested in studying the diverse repertoire of interactions that may occur between the bacterium and its murine host. In this thesis, the transposon site hybridization (TraSH) negative selection strategy was applied in a range of in vivo and in vitro systems to identify novel host-pathogen interactions in Francisella. We subsequently demonstrated that Francisella require tryptophan for virulence specifically in the lungs due to lung-specific induction of a host innate immune molecule indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1. Alveolar macrophages may also deplete intracellular trytophan via a novel mechanism and microbial lung-specific requirement of tryptophan for virulence may be widely applicable to all bacterial species. We also demonstrate that Francisella hypercytotoxic mutants, unlike previously suggested, induce macrophage hypercytotoxicity due to increased bacteriolysis in the intracellular milieu. Identification and characterization of bacterial mutants that are attenuated under different in vitro and in vivo conditions have led to further insights into the interactions that occur between Francisella and its murine host.

Examining The Distribution Of Francisella Tularensis The Causative Agent Of Tularemia In Ukraine Using Ecological Niche Modeling

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Author : Jake Michael Hightower
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012

Examining The Distribution Of Francisella Tularensis The Causative Agent Of Tularemia In Ukraine Using Ecological Niche Modeling written by Jake Michael Hightower and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.

Niche similarity metrics indicated a high degree of niche overlap between each of the four species and the other two models, with the mammal models having higher degrees of similarity than ticks. These results suggest that F. tularensis has a unique ecological niche and is not the summation of host ranges. This supports the Maher et al. (2010) hypothesis of a 'Pathogen Niche' for this organism in Ukraine. To determine if the host and vector species' ranges were broader than the predictions based on F. tularensis positive samples from Ukraine, an additional four models, one for each species, was developed for Europe and projected onto Ukraine. Generally, each species modeled showed a wider distribution across Ukraine than F. tularnesis. These modeling results provide improved basemaps for understanding areas that support F. tularensis and should inform risk mapping and public health efforts.