Glycolysis At 75
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Glycolysis At 75 Is It Time To Tweak The First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway In History
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Author : Avital Schurr
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2015-07-08
Glycolysis At 75 Is It Time To Tweak The First Elucidated Metabolic Pathway In History written by Avital Schurr and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-07-08 with Medicine (General) categories.
Glycolysis, the pathway of enzymatic reactions responsible for the breakdown of glucose into two trioses and further into pyruvate or lactate, was elucidated in 1940. For more than seven decades, it has been taught precisely the way its sequence was proposed by Embden, Meyerhof and Parnas. Accordingly, two outcomes of this pathway were proposed, an aerobic glycolysis, with pyruvate as its final product, and an anaerobic glycolysis, identical to the aerobic one, except for an additional reaction, where pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Several studies in the 1980s have shown that both muscle and brain tissues can oxidize and utilize lactate as an energy substrate, challenging this monocarboxylate’s reputation as a useless end-product of anaerobic glycolysis. These findings were met with great skepticism about the idea that lactate could be playing a role in bioenergetics. In the past quarter of a century monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) were identified and localized in both cellular and mitochondrial membranes. A lactate receptor has been identified. Direct and indirect evidence now indicate that the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) resides not only in the cytosol, as part of the glycolytic pathway machinery, but also in the mitochondrial outer membrane. The mitochondrial form of the enzyme oxidizes lactate to pyruvate and concomitantly produces the reducing agent NADH. These findings have shed light on a major drawback of the originally proposed aerobic version of the glycolytic pathway i.e., its inability to regenerate NAD+, as opposed to anaerobic glycolysis that features the cyclical ability of regenerating NAD+ upon pyruvate reduction to lactate by the cytosolic form of LDH. The malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS), a major redox shuttle in the brain, was proposed as an alternative pathway for NAD+ generation for aerobic glycolysis. Nonetheless, would MAS really be necessary for that function if glycolysis always proceeds to the end-products, lactate and NAD+? An additional dilemma the originally proposed aerobic glycolysis presents has to do with the glycolytic pathway of erythrocytes, which despite its highly aerobic environment, always produces lactate as its end-product. It is time to reexamine the original, dogmatic separation of glycolysis into two distinct pathways and put to test the hypothesis of a unified, singular pathway, the end-product of which is lactate, the real substrate of the mitochondrial TCA cycle.
Glycolysis At 75
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Author : Avital Schurr
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Glycolysis At 75 written by Avital Schurr and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Electronic book categories.
Innovative Medicine
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Author : Kazuwa Nakao
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-10-13
Innovative Medicine written by Kazuwa Nakao and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-10-13 with Science categories.
This book is devoted to innovative medicine, comprising the proceedings of the Uehara Memorial Foundation Symposium 2014. It remains extremely rare for the findings of basic research to be developed into clinical applications, and it takes a long time for the process to be achieved. The task of advancing the development of basic research into clinical reality lies with translational science, yet the field seems to struggle to find a way to move forward. To create innovative medical technology, many steps need to be taken: development and analysis of optimal animal models of human diseases, elucidation of genomic and epidemiological data, and establishment of “proof of concept”. There is also considerable demand for progress in drug research, new surgical procedures, and new clinical devices and equipment. While the original research target may be rare diseases, it is also important to apply those findings more broadly to common diseases. The book covers a wide range of topics and is organized into three complementary parts. The first part is basic research for innovative medicine, the second is translational research for innovative medicine, and the third is new technology for innovative medicine. This book helps to understand innovative medicine and to make progress in its realization.
Bacterial Physiology And Metabolism
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Author : Byung Hong Kim
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2008-02-21
Bacterial Physiology And Metabolism written by Byung Hong Kim and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-02-21 with Science categories.
Recent determination of genome sequences for a wide range of bacteria has made in-depth knowledge of prokaryotic metabolic function essential in order to give biochemical, physiological, and ecological meaning to the genomic information. Clearly describing the important metabolic processes that occur in prokaryotes under different conditions and in different environments, this advanced text provides an overview of the key cellular processes that determine bacterial roles in the environment, biotechnology, and human health. Prokaryotic structure is described as well as the means by which nutrients are transported into cells across membranes. Glucose metabolism through glycolysis and the TCA cycle are discussed, as well as other trophic variations found in prokaryotes, including the use of organic compounds, anaerobic fermentation, anaerobic respiratory processes, and photosynthesis. The regulation of metabolism through control of gene expression and control of the activity of enzymes is also covered, as well as survival mechanisms used under starvation conditions.
Encyclopedia Of Malaria
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-07-12
Encyclopedia Of Malaria written by and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-07-12 with Medical categories.
The Encyclopedia of Malaria represents a vast databank of information about the study of malaria. It provides an overview of the historical, rapid and significant developments that have occurred in malaria research, including the 2002 genome sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum and its mosquito vector, Anopheles gambiae. This work provides a concise source of up-to-date research findings in the form of definitions and essays and present comprehensive coverage of topics from history to findings to diagnosis and treatment, written by recognized malaria researchers with practical experience. It appeals to a diverse audience, including malaria researchers, teachers, investigators and public health professionals.
Molecular Biology Of The Cell
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Author : Bruce Alberts
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Molecular Biology Of The Cell written by Bruce Alberts and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Cytology categories.
The Heterogeneity Of Cancer Metabolism
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Author : Anne Le
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-06-26
The Heterogeneity Of Cancer Metabolism written by Anne Le and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-06-26 with Medical categories.
Genetic alterations in cancer, in addition to being the fundamental drivers of tumorigenesis, can give rise to a variety of metabolic adaptations that allow cancer cells to survive and proliferate in diverse tumor microenvironments. This metabolic flexibility is different from normal cellular metabolic processes and leads to heterogeneity in cancer metabolism within the same cancer type or even within the same tumor. In this book, we delve into the complexity and diversity of cancer metabolism, and highlight how understanding the heterogeneity of cancer metabolism is fundamental to the development of effective metabolism-based therapeutic strategies. Deciphering how cancer cells utilize various nutrient resources will enable clinicians and researchers to pair specific chemotherapeutic agents with patients who are most likely to respond with positive outcomes, allowing for more cost-effective and personalized cancer therapeutic strategies.
Prokaryotic Metabolism And Physiology
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Author : Byung Hong Kim
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2019-05-16
Prokaryotic Metabolism And Physiology written by Byung Hong Kim and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-05-16 with Medical categories.
Extensive and up-to-date review of key metabolic processes in bacteria and archaea and how metabolism is regulated under various conditions.
Cumulated Index Medicus
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1991
Cumulated Index Medicus written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Medicine categories.
Role Of Metabolism In Regulating Immune Cell Fate Decisions
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Author : Anna Ohradanova-Repic
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2020-05-26
Role Of Metabolism In Regulating Immune Cell Fate Decisions written by Anna Ohradanova-Repic and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-26 with categories.
We acknowledge the initiation and support of this Research Topic by the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). We hereby state publicly that the IUIS has had no editorial input in articles included in this Research Topic, thus ensuring that all aspects of this Research Topic are evaluated objectively, unbiased by any specific policy or opinion of the IUIS.