Influence Of Landscape Composition Landscape Diversity And Conservation Management On Bee Health Via A Pollen Nutrition Mechanism

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Influence Of Landscape Composition Landscape Diversity And Conservation Management On Bee Health Via A Pollen Nutrition Mechanism

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Author : Gabriela Marie Quinlan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020

Influence Of Landscape Composition Landscape Diversity And Conservation Management On Bee Health Via A Pollen Nutrition Mechanism written by Gabriela Marie Quinlan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Bee culture categories.

Bees are the most important pollinators in agricultural systems, with honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in particular providing the majority of pollination services on commercial farms. However, due to interacting stressors including lack of nutrition and disease, honey bees and other bee species are experiencing elevated loss rates compared to historical records. Access to abundant, high quality, continuous nutrition in the landscape has been suggested as a means of promoting bee health. To test this, I studied honey bee and bumble bee colonies in 12 apiaries that ranged in land cover composition of the surrounding forage landscape. Honey bee colony cluster size and brood area at the end of the summer were most closely related to post-spring pollination colony size and other colony-level variation, whereas bumble bee colony weight, gyne and drone production were related to surrounding land covers. This demonstrates the importance of accounting for potentially confounding honey bee colony variation in landscape-scale studies. To determine if diversity of land covers affected honey bee pollen foraging and colony size, I also measured honey bee colony size and incoming pollen at 12 apiaries located within landscapes of differing land cover diversity, and found that the relationship between land cover diversity, incoming pollen quantity and colony cluster size changed over time. This suggests that land cover diversity alone is insufficient for predicting patterns in honey bee landscape nutrition studies in this region. Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) land may include flowering, herbaceous species in seed mixes, but in states such as Michigan with abundant forage in unmanaged habitats, it is unclear if CRP investments have unique floral composition, and foraging by honey bees and wild bees. I assessed floral composition and bee visitation on CRP land as compared to analogous unmanaged fields and roadside ditches in 31 triplicate sites. Floral abundance, species richness, native flower abundance, and inflorescence coverage were all higher on CRP land, as were honey bee and wild bee visitation, indicating that herbaceous CRP promotes bee foraging through unique floral composition, namely floral density. By assessing the quantity and quality of incoming pollen at apiaries while concurrently surveying floral communities in nearby grassy-herbaceous forage habitat, I found that crude protein in collected pollen decreased throughout the summer, concurrent with decreasing floral richness and abundance. This suggests pollinator plantings should include protein-rich, late-blooming species in their seed mixes. Because nutrition is closely tied to disease in honey bees, supplementing protein may promote recovery from diseases such as European foulbrood. To compare different approaches to managing this disease, European foulbrood-infected colonies were treated with traditional antibiotics, antibiotics with a soy-based protein supplements, soy-based supplement alone, pollen-based supplement, probiotics, or left untreated. There was no significant difference among non-antibiotic treatments in post-treatment recovery speed or nurse bee physiology, suggesting these supplemental feeding treatments and probiotics provide no treatment benefits for European foulbrood. Based on this research, accounting for colony-level variation is essential in honey bee landscape studies. Adding pollinator conservation habitat with an increased emphasis on late-season, protein-rich pollen species in seed mixes can benefit honey bees and wild bee species. This work provides new insights into the effects of landscapes on honey bee and wild bee foraging, nutrition and health by examining different aspects of these indirect relationships.

Local To Landscapes

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Author : Elena Gratton
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023

Local To Landscapes written by Elena Gratton and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.

Bumble bees (Bombus spp) are critical pollinators contributing to native ecosystems as well as agricultural production. At least half of the studied bumble bee species in North America are experiencing population declines and range contractions due to interacting factors such as habitat loss, climate change, invasive species, and pathogens. Pathogens can cause disease, reduce fitness, and shorten lifespans. Moreover, infection rates are increased in bee populations that are stressed by poor nutrition or exposure to pesticides, and thus pathogen prevalence can serve as a broader bioindicator of poor conditions. Given the myriad of factors impacting bumble bees, a comprehensive approach is needed to assess which biotic and abiotic factors are most important for determining the health of bees across diverse landscapes. Through multi-state and multi-year analysis, I examine how environmental conditions affect bumble bee pathogen levels and communities at different spatial scales. First, I assess whether levels of four bumble bee pathogens and distributions of bumble bee species are driven by variation in habitat at a local scale by leveraging the replicated hill and valley system in Central Pennsylvania. I then evaluate if associations between pathogen levels, bumble bee species, and environmental conditions observed in Pennsylvania are also found in North Carolina. In Pennsylvania, I found that different communities of both pathogens and bumble bees were found between forested hills and developed valleys, with viral loads higher in valleys and loads of one pathogen, Crithidia bombi, higher in forests. Valley habitats were dominated by Bombus impatiens, a disturbance resilient bee, while the forest habitats hosted more diverse bumble bee communities. Through DNA barcoding I found that there has been significant misidentification of B. sandersoni as B. vagans or B. perplexus, all of which are found primarily in forested landscapes. The North Carolina data, consistent with data from Pennsylvania as well as other studies in the United States, demonstrate that bumble bee pathogen loads are higher in areas with more honey bees and developed land. However, across the broader datasets, there were variable effects of floral resources and bee community composition on pathogen loads. For example, areas with more floral resources were associated with decreased viral loads in honey bees in North Carolina and in bumble bees in Pennsylvania; but were associated with increased viral loads in North Carolina bumble bees. Moreover, these data show more floral resources support more diverse bumble bee communities, but more diverse communities may facilitate increased loads of some pathogens (e.g., Crithidia) for which some bumble bee species are more susceptible. Ultimately this thesis highlights several outstanding research issues and provides management recommendations. Pathogen transmission and prevalence can clearly be influenced by habitat type but the complexity of landscapes, changing bumble bee communities, and variable susceptibility of different bumble bee species means there is not a single, simple solution to reducing the effects or loads of pathogens for bumble bees. Generally, the presence of honey bees and increased disturbance lead to increased pathogen prevalence. Thus, management efforts should be targeted to improving habitat quality through increased floral and nesting resource quality, which reduces pathogen levels in both honey bees and bumble bees. Higher quality habitat can improve bumble bee community diversity, which can potentially reduce transmission rates, though this depends on the specific species involved. Future studies should focus on species showing declines, to better understand the disease dynamics. While there was partitioning of pathogens at a local scale, the overall loads of pathogens shift over larger regional scales, highlighting the value of examining effects from local to broader landscape scales.

The Pollination Services Of Forests

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Author : Krishnan, S., Wiederkehr Guerra, G., Bertrand, D., Wertz-Kanounnikoff, S. and Kettle, C.J.
language : en
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
Release Date : 2020-06-01

The Pollination Services Of Forests written by Krishnan, S., Wiederkehr Guerra, G., Bertrand, D., Wertz-Kanounnikoff, S. and Kettle, C.J. and has been published by Food & Agriculture Org. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-01 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Most flowering plants, including wild species and many food crops, are pollinated by animals and are vital, therefore, for biological production and the maintenance of biodiversity. Pollinators benefit from diverse natural habitats for forage and nesting, especially when these are limited in plant production systems. Landscape and forest management practices can help ensure the continued availability of pollinators and thereby increase resilience and the productivity of forestry and agriculture. The extent of forests and other natural habitats in a landscape plays a role in determining the species composition of pollinators. Agricultural landscapes adjoining fragmented forests and natural areas benefit from pollinator services, and animal-pollinated crops therefore achieve higher fruit set. Forest management practices can have significant effects on pollinator abundance and diversity. They affect forest variables such as structure, species composition, soil dynamics, hydrology and light availability, all of which can affect pollinator species composition and diversity and plant–pollinator networks. Indigenous and local knowledge can contribute to the conservation of pollinators through traditional management practices. This working paper, which is aimed at forest practitioners, landscape planners and land-use decision-makers, reviews published literature on the impacts of forest and landscape management practices on pollinators. It also addresses the implications of climate change, collates 36 case studies, and makes recommendation on measures for maintaining pollinator diversity and abundance in forests and landscapes

Effects Of Farming Practices And Landscape Composition On Wild Invertebrate Pollinator And Bird Abundance Richness And Health

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Author : Michelle Catherine Toshack
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018

Effects Of Farming Practices And Landscape Composition On Wild Invertebrate Pollinator And Bird Abundance Richness And Health written by Michelle Catherine Toshack and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.

Wildlife biodiversity is threatened by agricultural intensification, which reduces and fragments natural habitat. I examine how farming practices and landscape composition influence wild pollinators and birds that inhabit these ecosystems. I also assess pollen foraging preferences of wild bumble bees and the effect of foraging preferences on their health. Forest cover was the main predictor of wild pollinator and bird abundance and richness, and floral resource availability also increased the abundance and richness of pollinators. There was no effect of farm management type (organic vs. conventional) on abundance or diversity of either pollinators or birds. Bumble bees showed a strong foraging preference for flowers not found on farms, and those collected in natural areas had higher body fat content than bees collected on farms. These results emphasize the importance of the conservation of natural habitat adjacent to agricultural areas for biodiversity, and of floral resources in natural areas for pollinator health.

The Conservation Of Bees

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Author : Andrew Matheson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996

The Conservation Of Bees written by Andrew Matheson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Nature categories.

Bees form a vital part of many natural and farmed landscapes all over the world. Both as pollinators and as a part of the wider insect community, their activities not only promote healthy ecosystems, but in many cases are essential to the life cycles of particular plant species. Their complex coevolutionary relationships to their forage plants are a subject of fascination to biologists and conservationists, and of economic importance to crop managers. But everywhere bees are under pressure, from the direct impact of pesticides in the environment, as well as the indirect effects of habitat alteration and destruction. This volume focuses on a number of important topics in bee biology and conservation in the temperate regions of four continents. The varieties of habitats needed for bees to thrive, the essential links and interactions between bees and many plant species, and the current state of bee biodiversity and conservation are all dealt with by an international cast of authors. Anyone with an interest either in bees in particular, or in insect and plant conservation in general will find something of interest in this book. Stresses the importance of bees as pollinators in the health of both agriculture and natural landscapes Discusses the coevolutionary biology of bees and their forage plants Focuses on bees as a vital component of biodiversity Includes contributors from Europe, U.S.A., Canada, Panama, and Isreal

Open Forest Successional Stages And Landscape Heterogeneity Promote Wild Bee Diversity In Temperate Forests

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Author : Tristan Eckerter
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022

Open Forest Successional Stages And Landscape Heterogeneity Promote Wild Bee Diversity In Temperate Forests written by Tristan Eckerter and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.

Abstract: Recent studies have emphasized forests as crucial habitat for wild bees. In Europe, most forests are managed following the principles of close-to-nature silviculture, which combine timber production and nature conservation. However, open late and early successional stages within these forests are largely missing, which could be important for wild bees. This highlights that close-to-nature silviculture alone might not be sufficient to conserve bees within temperate forests. Open structures such as canopy gaps and road verges in forests could improve habitat for bees. To provide management recommendations for wild bee conservation in temperate forests, we analyzed how components of bee beta diversity varied between forest management types and tested how open structures, namely clear-cuts, canopy gaps, and forest road verges influenced bee abundance, richness, and diversity. In addition, we analyzed the abundance and percent of red-listed bee species at different scales. Bees were sampled using 90 pan traps on 45 (1 ha) plots in 2019 and 2020 in the Black Forest, Germany. Plots were selected in 15 triplets each consisting of three management types related to different successional stages: unmanaged, close-to-nature, and small clear-cut. Beta diversity was not consistently nested highlighting the importance of different management and successional stages within the landscape to support bees in forests. Abundance, species richness, and Shannon diversity of bees were highest on clear-cuts, compared to unmanaged- and close-to-nature plots. At landscape scale, wild bee abundance increased with canopy openness while wild bee diversity increased with landscape heterogeneity. Abundance- and percent of red-listed bee species increased with the length of forest road verges. We advocate creating habitats at local scales which offer flowering and nesting resources by providing canopy gaps. At landscape scale, heterogeneity created through different forest successional stages is needed to conserve the entire community of wild bees

The Nature Of Nutrition

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Author : Stephen J. Simpson
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2012-07-22

The Nature Of Nutrition written by Stephen J. Simpson and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-07-22 with Medical categories.

Nutrition has long been considered more the domain of medicine and agriculture than of the biological sciences, yet it touches and shapes all aspects of the natural world. The need for nutrients determines whether wild animals thrive, how populations evolve and decline, and how ecological communities are structured. 'The Nature of Nutrition' addresses nutrition's enormously complex role in biology, both at the level of individual organisms and in their broader ecological interactions.

Assessing The Diversity And Function Of Managed And Wild Bee Communities On Diversified Organic Farms

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Author : Elias Harrison Bloom
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019

Assessing The Diversity And Function Of Managed And Wild Bee Communities On Diversified Organic Farms written by Elias Harrison Bloom and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Organic farming categories.

Globally, bees are the most important pollinators of crops. However, the use of conventional farming practices and the loss of nest sites and floral resources, threatens bee populations and pollination. Here, I demonstrate how resource diversity and organic management contribute to patterns of bee diversity and ecosystem function. I also show how citizen science can be used to educate the general public and monitor bees. My study spanned four years (2014-2017) and was hosted by 36 organic farms in Washington State, USA.First, I review the response of bees to organic farming. Next, I evaluate the mechanisms by which plant diversity and landscape-context affect bee visitation at the 36 farms across three years (2014-2016). I found that floral complementarity, rather than floral species identity, was the best predictor of floral visits by bees. I also found that increasing landscape diversity mitigated the effects of floral diversity loss and strengthened the effects of floral diversity gains, although wild bees benefited more strongly than honey bees from gains in floral diversity. I then use beta-diversity equations and species abundance models to evaluate the response of bees to organic farming practices and resource change using data from the same sites and time period. My results suggest that organic practices, landscape context and plant diversity influence the bee species that are present at a site by altering the niches available for individual species.Finally, I evaluate two citizen science projects over a three-year period (2015-2017) to determine why volunteers participated in data collection on bees. One project required volunteers to actively monitor bees while the other used a passive monitoring technique. Citizen scientists who monitored bees passively rather than actively submitted more data. However, participants in both projects attended courses for education on bees rather than to become a citizen scientist.My results indicate the importance of floral diversity, landscape context and organic farming for bee species conservation and ecosystem function. I also show that the design of citizen science projects is important for reaching data collection goals of researchers.

No Farm Is An Island Pollinators And Pollination In Agricultural Landscapes

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Author : Charles C. Nicholson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018

No Farm Is An Island Pollinators And Pollination In Agricultural Landscapes written by Charles C. Nicholson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Agricultural landscape management categories.

Productive, resilient and sustainable agricultural systems are required to meet the immediate needs of a burgeoning human population, while avoiding ecosystem collapse. Agriculture provides food, fiber, fuels and other products for our current population of 7 billion and is still the major livelihood for 40% of people worldwide. By replacing natural habitat and employing chemical inputs, agriculture also negatively impacts biodiversity and impairs the provision of ecosystem services. This poses a challenge for agriculture as these impacted services are often those required for high yielding and high-quality crop production. Evidence is accumulating that agricultural management can safeguard biodiversity and ecosystem services while maintaining production, but critical questions remain concerning how management actions are shaped by broader landscape pattern and how these actions influence service-providing organisms across space and time. Through a combination of observational, experimental and modeling approaches, my dissertation examines relationships between management actions, landscape pattern and service-providing organisms using crop pollination by wild bees as a model system. First, I investigate how local management and landscape pattern interact to affect pollination services and the abundance and diversity of native bees in Vermont, USA. I then use two established models of pollinator foraging to investigate whether one popular intervention, enhancing floral resources, improves crop visitation, and whether pollinator traits and landscape pattern influence this effect. Next, I use a national data set of native bee diversity to test whether habitat enhancements increase taxonomic and functional diversity of native bee communities. Finally, I investigate whether resource continuity provided by consecutively blooming crops benefits wild bee communities. These four chapters contribute ecological knowledge of plant-animal interactions in anthropogenic landscapes. My findings also provide land managers with clear information about the effects of landscape conservation and farm management on crop pollinators.

Impact Of Landscape Configuration And Composition On Pollinator Communities Across Different European Biogeographic Regions

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023

Impact Of Landscape Configuration And Composition On Pollinator Communities Across Different European Biogeographic Regions written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.

Abstract: Introduction: Heterogeneity in composition and spatial configuration of landscape elements support diversity and abundance of flower-visiting insects, but this is likely dependent on taxonomic group, spatial scale, weather and climatic conditions, and is particularly impacted by agricultural intensification. Here, we analyzed the impacts of both aspects of landscape heterogeneity and the role of climatic and weather conditions on pollinating insect communities in two economically important mass-flowering crops across Europe. Methods: Using a standardized approach, we collected data on the abundance of five insect groups (honey bees, bumble bees, other bees, hover flies and butterflies) in eight oilseed rape and eight apple orchard sites (in crops and adjacent crop margins), across eight European countries (128 sites in total) encompassing four biogeographic regions, and quantified habitat heterogeneity by calculating relevant landscape metrics for composition (proportion and diversity of land-use types) and configuration (the aggregation and isolation of land-use patches). Results: We found that flower-visiting insects responded to landscape and climate parameters in taxon- and crop-specific ways. For example, landscape diversity was positively correlated with honey bee and solitary bee abundance in oilseed rape fields, and hover fly abundance in apple orchards. In apple sites, the total abundance of all pollinators, and particularly bumble bees and solitary bees, decreased with an increasing proportion of orchards in the surrounding landscape. In oilseed rape sites, less-intensively managed habitats (i.e., woodland, grassland, meadows, and hedgerows) positively influenced all pollinators, particularly bumble bees and butterflies. Additionally, our data showed that daily and annual temperature, as well as annual precipitation and precipitation seasonality, affects the abundance of flower-visiting insects, although, again, these impacts appeared to be taxon- or crop-specific. Discussion: Thus, in the context of global change, our findings emphasize the importance of understanding the role of taxon-specific responses to both changes in land use and climate, to ensure continued delivery of pollination services to pollinator-dependent crops