Informality Development And The Business Cycle In North Africa
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Informality Development And The Business Cycle In North Africa
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Author : Mr. Roberto Cardarelli
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2022-06-09
Informality Development And The Business Cycle In North Africa written by Mr. Roberto Cardarelli and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-06-09 with Business & Economics categories.
North African economies are characterized by a significant share of informal activity and employment. About two-thirds of workers in North Africa operate without any formal arrangement and social protection, and about 30 percent of GDP is estimated to be produced by informal workers and firms. This paper finds that while a few key structural characteristics could explain “normal” informality in North Africa, policy distortions explain a large share of excess informality. Among the structural factors that can lead to high informality, the relatively lower level of human capital and younger population help explain the high informality in the region, as low-skilled and young people generally find it more difficult to operate in the formal sector. At the same time, gaps in a set of policy indicators also explain the relatively high informality in North Africa. In particular, this paper finds that gaps in the quality of governance explain about half of the excess informality experienced in North Africa compared with advanced economies. In this context, the expansion of the informal sector in Algeria and Tunisia from the mid-2000s partially reflects the deterioration in a few indicators of their governance and regulatory frameworks. In contrast, the decline in informality observed in Egypt, Mauritania, and Morocco over this period also reflects improved business regulations, governance, and tax systems, in addition to continued progress in economic development. While informality has traditionally buffered regional labor markets against the impact of recessions, the COVID-19 crisis has been different. North African economies have generally exhibited relatively stable unemployment rates, including during recessions, largely owing to their high levels of informality. However, informal employment has fallen significantly in North Africa during the pandemic, as lockdown measures have particularly affected high-informality service sectors. As the pandemic subsides and the lockdown measures are removed, the recovery of regional labor markets could exhibit a stronger-than-usual rebound of informal employment. Ensuring an inclusive recovery from the pandemic would call for renewed efforts to construct more modern (digitalized), more efficient, and fairer systems of social protection, building on the progress achieved in the region during the pandemic in extending safety nets to informal workers.
Informality Labor Market Dynamics And Business Cycles In North Africa
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Author : Olivier Bizimana
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2023-09-08
Informality Labor Market Dynamics And Business Cycles In North Africa written by Olivier Bizimana and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-09-08 with Business & Economics categories.
Employment informality is widespread across North Africa. This paper aims to shed light on the role played by the informal sector in labor market adjustments over the business cycle. It finds that the response of labor markets to output fluctuations is more muted in countries with higher informality levels, like the North African economies. The analysis also confirms that informal employment is countercyclical and acts as a buffer during economic downturns in countries with relatively higher informality. However, contrary to what took place in past recessions, informal employment contracted sharply during the 2020 pandemic recession in high informality economies, suggesting that it did not play its traditional countercyclical role. By contrast, employment informality tends to fall modestly or increase during economic upturns, including the post-pandemic recovery. This finding presages the persistence of a large informal sector in the post-covid era in medium- and high-informality countries.
Informality And Inclusive Growth In The Middle East And North Africa
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Author : Gladys Lopez-Acevedo
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2023-06-30
Informality And Inclusive Growth In The Middle East And North Africa written by Gladys Lopez-Acevedo and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-06-30 with Business & Economics categories.
The long-standing informality debate in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region has taken on a new urgency as it looks for a pathway to more socially inclusive growth that is less reliant on fossil fuels. This is occurring against a backdrop of subpar labor market outcomes, further growth setbacks, and deteriorating fiscal and current account deficits in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic--and in the wake of high inflation and supply chain disruptions triggered by the Russian Federation-Ukraine war.'Informality and Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and North Africa' aims to better understand the characteristics and incentive structure that have led to the prevalence of informal employment in three MENA countries--the Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. The report breaks new ground by adopting a comprehensive perspective to focus on the features of, and interrelationships among, different aspects of these countries' institutional landscapes to make sense of the complex incentive structure that workers and firms face when deciding between formal and informal options. Specifically, the report groups these issues in three broad realms: (1) entrepreneur-worker relations, (2) taxes and transfers, and (3) market conditions.'This report is an extremely welcome addition to the literature on MENA labor markets. By analyzing the incentive structure and institutional factors that have led to the prevalence of informal employment in Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, it points the way to policy actions that can be taken to reduce informality and increase social protection for workers. It is a must-read for anyone who cares about greater economic inclusion in MENA.' --Ragui Assaad, Professor, Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota 'A compelling account of the implications of informality in the workforce and how economies of MENA can design appropriate policy responses. This timely report comes amid multiple social reforms in MENA and is a must-read for policy practitioners and economists in the region.' --Karim El Aynaoui, Executive President, Policy Center for the New South 'This report is particularly timely given the negative impact the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent crises have had on living standards and poverty rates around the world and especially in MENA countries. While the focus on boosting growth and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals has revolved around financing, the report sheds new light on the benefits that tackling informality through institutional, regulatory, and policy changes could present to achieving these goals.' --Mahmoud Mohieldin, Executive Director, International Monetary Fund
Informality And Structural Transformation In Egypt Iraq And Jordan A Framework For Assessing Policy Responses In The Mena Region
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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 2024-06-11
Informality And Structural Transformation In Egypt Iraq And Jordan A Framework For Assessing Policy Responses In The Mena Region written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-06-11 with categories.
The report Informality and Structural Transformation in the Middle east and North Africa outlines a framework for assessing the impact of economic and social policies on informality. The framework was developed jointly by the ILO, OECD and UNDP, and is thought as a hands-on instrument, allowing policy makers to foresee early on in the policymaking cycles the effects diverse economic and social policies could have on the informal economy.
Routledge Handbook Of The Informal Economy
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Author : Ceyhun Elgin
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2024-08-30
Routledge Handbook Of The Informal Economy written by Ceyhun Elgin and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-08-30 with Business & Economics categories.
Delve into the complex landscape of the informal economy with the Routledge Handbook of the Informal Economy, a groundbreaking volume that transcends conventional economic analysis by contextualizing it within a broader regulatory and social framework. This comprehensive handbook offers cutting-edge categorical, thematic, and regional analyses of the informal, or shadow, economy. An esteemed international ensemble of contributors draws on diverse economic perspectives, exploring a spectrum of definitions and measures, including household, firm-level, and employment-based metrics, alongside perceptional and model-based estimates. Employing a variety of econometric and methodological approaches, the volume provides both regional and global estimates of the informal economy's extent. Beyond conventional boundaries, it unveils various facets of informality, from child labor, tax evasion, and self-employment to precarious and undeclared work. In-depth examinations of the determinants and consequences of informality enhance the volume's robust analysis. As a forward-looking compendium, the handbook also offers insights into the future trajectory of the informal economy as we journey further into the 21st century. This definitive and up-to-date reference work is indispensable for readers in labor economics, development economics, political economy, policy studies, and sociology, offering a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted dimensions and dynamics of the informal economy.
Oecd Investment Policy Reviews Morocco 2024 Abridged Version
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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 2024-11-04
Oecd Investment Policy Reviews Morocco 2024 Abridged Version written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-11-04 with categories.
This second OECD Investment Policy Review of Morocco assesses Morocco's domestic and foreign investment climate, as well as the challenges and opportunities facing the Government of Morocco in its reform efforts. The review draws on the OECD Policy Framework for Investment, the OECD FDI Qualities Policy Toolkit, the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and other instruments under the responsibility of the OECD Investment Committee. It explores the trends and impacts of foreign direct investment on Morocco’s economy and society. It analyses the legal and institutional framework for investment, as well as measures to promote responsible business conduct. The review also focuses on how investment can support two priority levers of development in Morocco: regional development and digitalisation.
Djibouti
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Author : International Monetary
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2024-06-04
Djibouti written by International Monetary and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-06-04 with Business & Economics categories.
Selected Issues
Industrial Innovations New Technologies In Cities Digital Infrastructures
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Author : Brahim El Bhiri
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2024-09-17
Industrial Innovations New Technologies In Cities Digital Infrastructures written by Brahim El Bhiri and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-09-17 with Science categories.
“Industrial Innovations: New Technologies in Cities' Digital Infrastructures” is a comprehensive proceedings book that delves into the latest research and practices shaping the industrial landscape in urban settings. In today's rapidly evolving technological landscape, the integration of digital advancements has become increasingly crucial for optimizing industrial processes and enhancing efficiency. Through a series of insightful contributions, this book explores various aspects of digital advancements in industrial processes. Readers will gain valuable insights into topics such as machine learning for export pattern identification, AI-driven predictive maintenance methods, and the integration of digital technologies in distribution supply chains. These discussions shed light on how digital innovations are revolutionizing traditional industrial practices, leading to more streamlined operations and improved outcomes. Additionally, the book examines the role of digital twins in improving business processes by providing virtual simulations and optimizations. This concept enables businesses to enhance their operational efficiency and make informed decisions based on real-time data analysis. Moreover, the impact of digital visual management systems on workplace safety is explored, highlighting the importance of leveraging technology to mitigate risks and ensure a safer working environment. Furthermore, systematic mapping studies shed light on the intersection of green and digital supply chain innovation. By exploring how digital technologies can be leveraged to create more sustainable industrial practices, these studies offer potential avenues for reducing environmental impact and promoting long-term sustainability in industrial operations. With its diverse range of topics and contributions, “Industrial Innovations: New Technologies in Cities' Digital Infrastructures” serves as a valuable resource for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers interested in the intersection of technology and industrial innovation in urban environments. It offers insights into the latest advancements and best practices in leveraging digital technologies to optimize industrial processes and drive sustainable development in cities worldwide.
Iraq
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Author : International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2024-05-16
Iraq written by International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept. and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-05-16 with Business & Economics categories.
Iraq: Selected Issues
Morocco S Quest For Stronger And Inclusive Growth
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Author : Mr. Roberto Cardarelli
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2023-10-09
Morocco S Quest For Stronger And Inclusive Growth written by Mr. Roberto Cardarelli and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-10-09 with Business & Economics categories.
Throughout the past two decades, Morocco has faced several external and domestic shocks, including large swings in international oil prices, regional geopolitical tensions, severe droughts, and most recently the impact of the pandemic and the economic fallout from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Despite rough waters, the government stayed the course and remained focused not only on immediate stability, but also on the long-term needs of the Moroccan economy. This involved the adoption of a series of difficult measures, like the elimination of energy subsidies, and a strategy aimed at improving the country’s infrastructure, diversifying the production and export bases by attracting foreign investment, and modernizing the governance structure of the public administration. The road to higher and more inclusive growth, however, remains steep. Despite gains in poverty reduction, literacy and lifespans, Morocco economy continues to face a high share of inactive youth, large gaps in economic opportunities for women, a fragmented social protection system, and remaining barriers to private sector development. An ambitious reform agenda is needed to better meet the aspirations of Moroccans, by making economic growth stronger, more resilient and more inclusive, particularly to provide greater opportunities for young, women, and entrepreneurs. Morocco appears well positioned to address these challenges, and indeed, the country has recently sought to define and pursue a new “model of development”, through national debates and a more inclusive approach to reform. Significant reforms have been announced recently that revamp both the social protection system and the SOEs business model. This book draws lessons from the reforms Morocco has implemented in the past few decades and charts a course for Morocco by addressing key areas for reform.