Intrinsic And Extrinsic Forces That Guide Growth Cone Motility
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Intrinsic And Extrinsic Forces That Guide Growth Cone Motility
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Author : Robert Henry Nichol
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Forces That Guide Growth Cone Motility written by Robert Henry Nichol and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Nerve growth cones are sensory-motile structures that guide developing neurites to form of trillions of synapses in the human brain. Growth cones interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as laminin (LN), through integrin receptors at adhesion sites. Adhesions link ECM proteins to the actin cytoskeleton through numerous adaptor and signaling proteins. One presumed function of growth cone adhesions is to restrain or "clutch" myosin-II-based filamentous actin (F-actin) retrograde flow (RF) to promote leading edge membrane protrusion. In motile non-neuronal cells, myosin-II binds and exerts force upon actin filaments at the leading edge, where clutching forces occur. However, in growth cones, it is unclear whether similar F-actin-clutching forces affect axon outgrowth and guidance. I found in Xenopus spinal neurons RF is reduced in rapidly migrating growth cones on laminin (LN) compared with non-integrin-binding poly-D-lysine (PDL). I further illustrate this relationship between adhesion and RF locally via two-channel imaging of RF and paxillin, as well as on micropatterns of PDL and LN. Finally, I showed that RF is significantly attenuated in vivo, suggesting that it is restrained by molecular clutching forces within the spinal cord. In the second part of my thesis I investigated how extracellular mechanical forces influence neuritogenesis. I examined the role of mechanical forces on neurite development of human forebrain (hFBs) neurons and human motor neurons (hMNs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These two populations of neurons extend axons into distinct environments. Using polyacrylamide (PAA) and collagen substrata of varying elasticity I found that the extension of hFB neurites exhibit little differential outgrowth, while hMN neuritogenesis was strongly promoted on more rigid substrata. I found that the observed differential growth rates are in part due to greater adhesion of the growth cone leading edge to more rigid environments, suggesting hMN growth cones form more stable adhesions leading to greater motility. Furthermore, I found RhoA, an important adhesion regulating GTPase, activity was higher on stiffer substrata in hMNs. Taken together, these data illustrate the mechanistic role of intrinsic and extrinsic forces during neurite outgrowth
Regulation Of Growth Cone Mitochondria By Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors
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Author : Zhuxuan Xu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Regulation Of Growth Cone Mitochondria By Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors written by Zhuxuan Xu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
The activity of the growth cone is necessary for neuron axon elongation during neuron development and regeneration. This is a highly dynamic process of cytoskeletal recorganization that requires a significant amount of energy provided by the mitochondria. The localization of a sufficient number of mitochondria at the growth cone is essential to support its activity during neuron development and regeneration. Both promotion and inhibition of the motility of growth cones can be induced by intrinsic factors of neuron itself such as cytoskeleton dynamics and motor protein activity, as well as extracellular molecules in the vicinity of the neuron such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and components of the extracellular matrix. The proposed hypothesis is that some of these factors have an impact on the localization and morphology of mitochondria. My work in this project is aimed to determine which of these factors have the greatest impact on mitochondria in neurons. Using sensory neurons isolate.
The Nerve Growth Cone
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Author : Paul C. Letourneau
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date :
The Nerve Growth Cone written by Paul C. Letourneau and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.
Intercellular Communication In The Nervous System
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Author : Robert Malenka
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2010-05-22
Intercellular Communication In The Nervous System written by Robert Malenka and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-05-22 with Science categories.
Intercellular communication is part of a complex system of communication that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their environment is the basis of growth and development, tissue repair, and immunity as well as normal tissue homeostasis. Errors in cellular information processing are responsible for diseases such as cancer, autoimmunity, diabetes, and neurological and psychiatric disorders. There is substantial drug development concentrating on this and intercellular communication is the basis of much of neuropharmacology. By understanding cell signaling, diseases may be treated effectively and, theoretically, artificial tissues may be yielded. Neurotransmitters/receptors, synaptic structure and organization, gap junctions, neurotrophic factors and neuropeptides are all explored in this volume, as are the ways in which signaling controls neuroendocrinology, neuroimmunology and neuropharmacology. Intercellular Communication in the Nervous System provides a valuable desk reference for all scientists who consider signaling. * Chapters offer impressive scope with topics addressing neurotransmitters/receptors, synaptic structure and organization, neuropeptides, gap junctions, neuropharmacology and more * Richly illustrated in full color with over 200 figures * Contributors represent the most outstanding scholarship in the field, with each chapter providing fully vetted and reliable expert knowledge
Axon Growth And Guidance
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Author : Dominique Bagnard
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2008-12-10
Axon Growth And Guidance written by Dominique Bagnard and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-12-10 with Medical categories.
This book proposes an updated view of the current knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms ensuring axon growth and guidance. The introductory chapter will remind the readers of all the features of a growth cone and the mechanisms controlling its growth. From there, one enters a fabulous journey with a growth cone, a Tom Thumb story filled with molecular encounters and complex interactions leading to one of the most fantastic developmental achievements: the nervous system wiring.
Encyclopedia Of Neuroscience Volume 1
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Author : Larry R. Squire
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2009-06-12
Encyclopedia Of Neuroscience Volume 1 written by Larry R. Squire and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-06-12 with Medical categories.
The Encyclopedia of the Neuroscience explores all areas of the discipline in its focused entries on a wide variety of topics in neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry and other related areas of neuroscience. Each article is written by an expert in that specific domain and peer reviewed by the advisory board before acceptance into the encyclopedia. Each article contains a glossary, introduction, a reference section, and cross-references to other related encyclopedia articles. Written at a level suitable for university undergraduates, the breadth and depth of coverage will appeal beyond undergraduates to professionals and academics in related fields.
Cumulated Index Medicus
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Cumulated Index Medicus written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Medicine categories.
The Axon
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Author : Stephen G. Waxman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
The Axon written by Stephen G. Waxman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Axons categories.
The axon, interposed between the cell body and the synaptic terminals in most neurons, plays a crucial role in connecting neurons and acting as a conduit for the transmission of information between them. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date compendium that brings together chapterson the structure, function, and pathophysiology of axons in both the PNS and CNS. Carefully written, well-illustrated with superb illustrations, and generously referenced, the 33 chapters and introduction have been authored by 49 world-renowned authorities. Recent advances in the molecularneurobiology of axons are carefully reviewed, and new areas, such as the molecular biology of ion channels and myelination, the role of calcium in pathophysiology and regeneration, cell adhesion molecules and their roles in axo-glial interactions and axonal guidance, and optical recording methods,are highlighted. This book will provide an essential reference for neuroscientists as well as clinicians such as neurologists, neurosurgeons, and clinical electrophysiologists interested in axons.
The Design Fabrication And In Vivo Testing Of Biopolymer Based Nerve Guidance Scaffolds For Spinal Cord Injury
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Author : Shula Stokols
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
The Design Fabrication And In Vivo Testing Of Biopolymer Based Nerve Guidance Scaffolds For Spinal Cord Injury written by Shula Stokols and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.
Growth And Plasticity Of Neural Connections
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Author : William Winlow
language : en
Publisher: Manchester University Press
Release Date : 1987
Growth And Plasticity Of Neural Connections written by William Winlow and has been published by Manchester University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Developmental neurobiology categories.