Job Loss Due To Health Insurance Mandates
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Job Loss Due To Health Insurance Mandates
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Author : Jacob Alex Klerman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Job Loss Due To Health Insurance Mandates written by Jacob Alex Klerman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Employers' liability categories.
The proposed Health Security Act provides universal health insurance by extending the current employer-based health insurance financing system. It requires employers to pay approximately 80 percent of the health insurance premium for each of their workers. Experience with other legislation requiring employers to provide benefits to their employees indicates that most of the cost of a mandated benefit is shifted to employees in the form of lower wages. However, for workers without health insurance and with earnings close to the minimum wage, minimum-wage legislation prohibits employers from lowering wages in response to a health insurance mandate. These employers can be expected to respond by cutting employment. Recent evidence from employer reactions to increases in the minimum wage suggests that approximately 100,000 jobs would be lost due to the Health Security Act's employer mandate.
Employer Health Insurance Mandates And The Risk Of Unemployment
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Author : Katherine Baicker
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Employer Health Insurance Mandates And The Risk Of Unemployment written by Katherine Baicker and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Employer-sponsored health insurance categories.
Employer health insurance mandates form the basis of many health care reform proposals. Proponents make the case that they will increase insurance, while opponents raise the concern that low-wage workers will see offsetting reductions in their wages and that in the presence of minimum wage laws some of the lowest wage workers will become unemployed. We construct an estimate of the number of workers whose wages are so close to the minimum wage that they cannot be lowered to absorb the cost of health insurance, using detailed data on wages, health insurance, and demographics from the Current Population Survey. We find that 33 percent of uninsured workers earn within $3 of the minimum wage, putting them at risk of unemployment if their employers were required to offer insurance. Assuming an elasticity of employment with respect to minimum wage increase of -0.10, we estimate that 0.2 percent of all full-time workers and 1.4 percent of uninsured full-time workers would lose their jobs because of a health insurance mandate. Workers who would lose their jobs are disproportionately likely to be high school dropouts, minority, and female. This risk of unemployment should be a crucial component in the evaluation of both the effectiveness and distributional implications of these policies relative to alternatives such as tax credits, Medicaid expansions, and individual mandates, and their broader effects on the well-being of low-wage workers.
Mandate For Destruction
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Author : United States. Congress. Joint Economic Committee. Republican Staff
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Mandate For Destruction written by United States. Congress. Joint Economic Committee. Republican Staff and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Compulsory health insurance categories.
Observations On Employment Based Government Mandates With Particular Reference To Health Insurance
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Author : Alan B. Krueger
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Observations On Employment Based Government Mandates With Particular Reference To Health Insurance written by Alan B. Krueger and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Employee fringe benefits categories.
Job Loss Due To Health Care Reform
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Author : Jacob Alex Klerman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Job Loss Due To Health Care Reform written by Jacob Alex Klerman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Employers' liability categories.
Employer mandates would provide universal health insurance by extending the current employer-based health insurance financing system. All employees would be required to purchase insurance through their workplace, with employers paying a substantial part of the cost (typically between 50 and 80 percent). These mandates have been opposed on the grounds that they would result in substantial job loss. In fact, experience with other legislation requiring employers to provide benefits to their employees indicates that most of the cost of a mandated benefit is shifted to employees in the form of lower wages. However, for workers without health insurance and with very low earnings, minimum wage legislation prohibits employers from passing on the costs of a mandate by lowering wages. Thus, employers may respond to a mandate by reducing employment of very low-wage workers. Using evidence from recent increases in the minimum wage, the authors estimate that between 100,000 and 275,000 jobs would be lost due to the imposition of an employer mandate. These figures represent less than one-quarter of one percent of all jobs, suggesting job loss is not an important issue in considering the consequences of a mandate.
Non Employment And Health Insurance Coverage
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Author : Jonathan Gruber
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Non Employment And Health Insurance Coverage written by Jonathan Gruber and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Health insurance categories.
Low rates of health insurance coverage among the non-employed have motivated consideration of policies to subsidize the purchase of insurance for those who are without a job. But there is little evidence on the extent to which coverage differentials between the employed and the non-employed reflect the effects of job loss or merely different underlying tastes for insurance. If the latter, subsidies may not be successful in increasing the rate of insurance coverage among the non-employed. Furthermore, subsidies which lower the costs of non-employment may increase both the incidence and duration of joblessness. We provide new evidence on these issues by analyzing longitudinal data on 25-54 year-old men over the 1983-1989 period. We have four findings of interest. First, even after modelling differences in underlying tastes for insurance, the likelihood of insurance coverage drops by roughly 20 percentage points following job separation. Second, limited subsidization of the cost of insurance through state laws mandating continued access to employer-provided health insurance for the non-employed increases the likelihood of having insurance while without a job by 6.7 percent. Third, these mandates also increase the number of individuals with spells of non-employment and the total amount of time spent jobless. Finally, at least some of this increased non-employment appears to be spent in productive job search as the availability of continuation coverage is related to significant wage gains among those who separate from their jobs.
Effects Of Changes To The Health Insurance System On Labor Markets
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Author : Janet Holtzblatt
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2010-10
Effects Of Changes To The Health Insurance System On Labor Markets written by Janet Holtzblatt and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-10 with Business & Economics categories.
In the U.S., health insurance (HI) coverage is linked to employment in ways that can affect both wages and the demand for certain types of workers. That close linkage can also affect people¿s decisions to enter the labor force, to work fewer or more hours, to retire, and even to work in one particular job or another. This economic brief shows that the overall impact on labor markets (LM) is difficult to predict. Although economic theory and experience provide some guidance as to the effect of specific provisions, large-scale changes to the HI system could have more extensive repercussions than have previously been observed and also may involve numerous factors that would interact ¿ affecting LM in potentially offsetting ways.
The Impact Of A Health Insurance Mandate On Labor Costs And Employment
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Author : June O'Neill
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
The Impact Of A Health Insurance Mandate On Labor Costs And Employment written by June O'Neill and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Employee fringe benefits categories.
Essays In Unemployment Insurance
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Author : David Walton Brown
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Essays In Unemployment Insurance written by David Walton Brown and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
This thesis consists of three essays that examine household responses to state unemployment insurance (UI) generosity across spells of unemployment, with a particular emphasis on the role of liquidity constraints. Enacted in 1986, the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) provides limited portability of employer-sponsored health insurance coverage amongst job separators. Separated workers are eligible to maintain their employer-sponsored health coverage at the point of separation for a period of typically 18 months, though are obligated to pay 102 percent of the full employer premium. The substantial cost to maintain continuation coverage relative to transitory income poses a potential barrier for the unemployed. Using Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) panels spanning 1990-2003, Chapter One re-evaluates existing evidence of UI adequacy and the limited effectiveness of continuation of coverage mandates by assessing the role of UI in maintaining private health insurance coverage across employment status. I first establish the magnitude of the loss of private health insurance coverage associated with unemployment, separating the issue of duration dependence. I find that private coverage falls by approximately 19 percentage points, or 26 percent of pre-separation levels, across employment status. Exploiting plausibly exogenous spatial and temporal variation in UI generosity, I then employ a simulated instruments approach to estimate the effect of UI generosity on private health insurance coverage amongst the unemployed. I find that a 10 percentage points increase in the UI replacement rate increases private coverage amongst the unemployed by 3.0 percentage points, and that a $100 increase in weekly UI benefits increases private coverage amongst the unemployed by 7.6 percentage points. Although imprecise, these results imply that current UI generosity mitigates the loss of private health insurance coverage by roughly 41 to 44 percent. Stratification across proxies for liquidity constraint and consumption commitment reveals suggestive evidence of an associated liquidity effect. The policy response to shortfalls in insurance coverage for job separators has been to enact continuation of coverage mandates, which allow job leavers to continue their employer-sponsored coverage without the typical direct cost subsidization provided to active employees. For the unemployed, this cost is incurred during a period of low transitory income, suggesting a plausibly important role for liquidity constraints in limiting take-up of continuation benefits. Incorporating SIPP panels spanning 1983-2003, Chapter Two first evaluates the effectiveness of continuation of coverage mandates in mitigating the fall in private health insurance coverage across spells of unemployment, identified by variation in state mandates and implementation of mandated federal coverage through COBRA. These results imply that 12 months of continuation of coverage eligibility mitigates the fall in private coverage amongst the unemployed with employer-sponsored health coverage prior to separation by approximately 18 percent. Exploiting plausibly exogenous spatial and temporal variation in state UI benefits across the reference period, I then employ a simulated instruments approach to estimate the heterogeneous effect of continuation of coverage mandates across levels of transitory income. These results are consistent with the notion of excess sensitivity to cash-in-hand. Absent state UI, mandate eligibility mitigates only 6 percent of the fall in private coverage. Yet for every $100 in eligible weekly UI benefits, private coverage is increased for mandate-eligible separators by 10 percentage points relative to mandate-ineligible separators. Policy makers must comprehensively address both access to group insurance markets as well as ability to pay for constrained households. Chapter Three re-evaluates existing evidence of a spousal labor supply response to state UI generosity. Although Chetty (2008) documents an associated liquidity effect in the response of unemployment spell duration to UI generosity, there has been no comparable work investigating the importance of liquidity constraints in explaining the crowd-out of spousal labor supply by eligible UI benefits of the household's primary earner. Across such periods of low transitory income of the primary earner, the spousal labor supply of liquidity constrained households plausibly exhibits greater responsiveness to eligible UI benefits. Yet the spousal labor supply response to UI generosity is composed of both an indirect effect, driven by eligible UI benefits of the unemployed primary earner, and a direct effect, driven by own-eligibility of the spouse. The longitudinal nature of the SIPP allows for identification of UI-ineligible spouses, and corresponding sample restrictions purge estimates of the confounding direct effect of UI. Employing a simulated instruments approach that exploits variation within-states across the reference period 1983-2003, I find that each eligible dollar in UI benefits crowds-out spousal earnings by 33 cents across the unemployment spell of the household's primary earner. Despite the sizeable estimate of crowd-out, the predicted increase in spousal earnings absent UI would offset only 13 percent of the lost wages of the unemployed primary earner. Stratification across proxies for liquidity constraint and fixed consumption commitment yields suggestive evidence of an associated liquidity effect. In terms of average spousal earnings, couples proxied as liquidity unconstrained through consideration of net liquid wealth are only 26 percent as responsive to eligible UI benefits of the primary earner relative to couples proxied as liquidity constrained. These results rationalize of the large crowd-out estimates of Cullen and Gruber (2000).
Effects Of The Employer Mandate In The Clinton Health Plan
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Author : June O'Neill
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Effects Of The Employer Mandate In The Clinton Health Plan written by June O'Neill and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Employee fringe benefits categories.