Legged Robots That Balance
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Legged Robots That Balance
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Author : Marc H. Raibert
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 1986
Legged Robots That Balance written by Marc H. Raibert and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1986 with Computers categories.
This book, by a leading authority on legged locomotion, presents exciting engineering and science, along with fascinating implications for theories of human motor control. It lays fundamental groundwork in legged locomotion, one of the least developed areas of robotics, addressing the possibility of building useful legged robots that run and balance. The book describes the study of physical machines that run and balance on just one leg, including analysis, computer simulation, and laboratory experiments. Contrary to expectations, it reveals that control of such machines is not particularly difficult. It describes how the principles of locomotion discovered with one leg can be extended to systems with several legs and reports preliminary experiments with a quadruped machine that runs using these principles. Raibert's work is unique in its emphasis on dynamics and active balance, aspects of the problem that have played a minor role in most previous work. His studies focus on the central issues of balance and dynamic control, while avoiding several problems that have dominated previous research on legged machines. Marc Raibert is Associate Professor of Computer Science and Robotics at Carnegie-Mellon University and on the editorial board of The MIT Press journal, Robotics Research. Legged Robots That Balanceis fifteenth in the Artificial Intelligence Series, edited by Patrick Winston and Michael Brady.
Walking Machines
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Author : D. J. Todd
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-08
Walking Machines written by D. J. Todd and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-08 with Science categories.
The first chapter of this book traces the history of the development of walking machines from the original ideas of man-amplifiers and military rough-ground transport to today's diverse academic and industrial research and development projects. It concludes with a brief account of research on other unusual methods of locomotion. The heart of the book is the next three chapters on the theory and engineering of legged robots. Chapter 2 presents the basics of land loco motion, going on to consider the energetics of legged movement and the description and classification of gaits. Chapter 3, dealing with the mechanics of legged vehicles, goes into leg number and arrangement, and discusses mechanical design and actuation methods. Chapter 4 deals with analysis and control, describing the aims of control theory and the methods of modelling and control which have been used for both highly dynamic robots and multi-legged machines. Having dealt with the theory of control it is necessary to discuss the computing system on which control is to be implemented. This is done in Chapter 5, which covers architectures, sensing, algorithms and pro gramming languages. Chapter 6 brings together the threads of the theory and engineering discussed in earlier chapters and summarizes the current walking machine research projects. Finally, the applications, both actual and potential, of legged locomotion are described. Introduction Research into legged machines is expanding rapidly. There are several reasons why this is happening at this particular time.
Managing Uncertainties In Legged Robots
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Author : Nahuel Villa
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Managing Uncertainties In Legged Robots written by Nahuel Villa and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Biped and quadruped robots are beginning now to master the skill of walking dynamically in most standard situations. This suggests that more widespread commercial use of such robots will soon be possible. This requires, however, that guarantees are provided about their safety and operational performance. In research prototypes, the risk of failure is usually contained by using very fast and precise (and therefore very expensive) sensors, actuators and computers, resulting in robots that are clearly too expensive for commercial purposes.The dynamics of the Center of Mass (CoM) of these robots over the support feet is unstable, and therefore very sensitive to all sources of uncertainties. But how fast and precise, and therefore how expensive should the sensors, actuators and computers be has never been investigated in the existing scientific literature. A precise quantification of the effect of uncertainties and sampling period on legged balance control seems to be missing, and it is the goal of this paper to initiate this discussion.The balance of legged robots mostly involves motion of their CoM with respect to their feet on the ground. We therefore focus our analysis on the motion of the CoM, considering that other aspects of the motion of the robot, such as precise whole-body joint motion and contact force control, are handled separately, as usual in this field of robotics.We introduced a tube-based Model Predictive Control (MPC) of walking in order to guarantee that all kinematic and dynamic constraints are always satisfied, even in the presence of uncertainties. We considered that uncertainties can take any value between some bounds, generating some tracking error which can be bounded accordingly. Here, we propose to analyze how these bounds are related: how much tracking error can we expect for a given amount of uncertainty? This naturally depends not only on the kind of uncertainty (e.g. on sensors or actuators), but also on the control law and its sampling period.Our findings are validated in experiments and simulations with the torque-controlled humanoid robot Toro developed at DLR. The proposed mathematical derivations and results apply nevertheless indistinctly to biped and quadruped robots.
Adaptive Dynamic Balance Of Two And Four Legged Walking Robots
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Adaptive Dynamic Balance Of Two And Four Legged Walking Robots written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with categories.
Two legged and four legged walking are the most versatile forms of land locomotion in the sense of maneuverability and the ability to traverse irregular terrain. Unfortunately, the problem of practical bipedal walking with dynamic balance has so far eluded solution using classical and other control techniques. We have been investigating the use of neural networks for on-line gait modulation during walking, using a 10 degree of freedom biped robot and a 20 degree of freedom quadruped robot developed in our laboratory. The research in the current project involves extending our adaptive walking control architecture, developed in prior research, to provide good performance over a wider range of stepping lengths and rates, and to provide good stability during both minor and significant deviations from nominal behavior. This should result in a truly practical control structure for walking with dynamic balance. This is a project progress report for the research carried our prior to June, 1996.
Design Of High Performance Legged Robots
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Author : Josephus J. M. Driessen
language : en
Publisher: Università degli Studi di Genova
Release Date : 2019-07-11
Design Of High Performance Legged Robots written by Josephus J. M. Driessen and has been published by Università degli Studi di Genova this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-07-11 with Technology & Engineering categories.
PhD Dissertation The availability and capabilities of present-day technology suggest that legged robots should be able to physically outperform their biological counterparts. This thesis revolves around the philosophy that the observed opposite is caused by over-complexity in legged robot design, which is believed to substantially suppress design for high-performance. In this dissertation a design philosophy is elaborated with a focus on simple but high performance design. This philosophy is governed by various key points, including holistic design, technology-inspired design, machine and behaviour co-design and design at the performance envelope. This design philosophy also focuses on improving progress in robot design, which is inevitably complicated by the aspire for high performance. It includes an approach of iterative design by trial-and-error, which is believed to accelerate robot design through experience. This thesis mainly focuses on the case study of Skippy, a fully autonomous monopedal balancing and hopping robot. Skippy is maximally simple in having only two actuators, which is the minimum number of actuators required to control a robot in 3D. Despite its simplicity, it is challenged with a versatile set of high-performance activities, ranging from balancing to reaching record jump heights, to surviving crashes from several meters and getting up unaided after a crash, while being built from off-the-shelf technology. This thesis has contributed to the detailed mechanical design of Skippy and its optimisations that abide the design philosophy, and has resulted in a robust and realistic design that is able to reach a record jump height of 3.8m. Skippy is also an example of iterative design through trial-and-error, which has lead to the successful design and creation of the balancing-only precursor Tippy. High-performance balancing has been successfully demonstrated on Tippy, using a recently developed balancing algorithm that combines the objective of tracking a desired position command with balancing, as required for preparing hopping motions. This thesis has furthermore contributed to several ideas and theories on Skippy's road of completion, which are also useful for designing other high-performance robots. These contributions include (1) the introduction of an actuator design criterion to maximize the physical balance recovery of a simple balancing machine, (2) a generalization of the centre of percussion for placement of components that are sensitive to shock and (3) algebraic modelling of a non-linear high-gravimetric energy density compression spring with a regressive stress-strain profile. The activities performed and the results achieved have been proven to be valuable, however they have also delayed the actual creation of Skippy itself. A possible explanation for this happening is that Skippy's requirements and objectives were too ambitious, for which many complications were encountered in the decision-making progress of the iterative design strategy, involving trade-offs between exercising trial-and-error, elaborate simulation studies and the development of above-mentioned new theories. Nevertheless, from (1) the resulting realistic design of Skippy, (2) the successful creation and demonstrations of Tippy and (3) the contributed theories for high-performance robot design, it can be concluded that the adopted design philosophy has been generally successful. Through the case study design project of the hopping and balancing robot Skippy, it is shown that proper design for high physical performance (1) can indeed lead to a robot design that is capable of physically outperforming humans and animals and (2) is already very challenging for a robot that is intended to be very simple.
Whole Body Control For Multi Contact Balancing Of Humanoid Robots
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Author : Bernd Henze
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-11-03
Whole Body Control For Multi Contact Balancing Of Humanoid Robots written by Bernd Henze and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-03 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book aims at providing algorithms for balance control of legged, torque-controlled humanoid robots. A humanoid robot normally uses the feet for locomotion. This paradigm is extended by addressing the challenge of multi-contact balancing, which allows a humanoid robot to exploit an arbitrary number of contacts for support. Using multiple contacts increases the size of the support polygon, which in turn leads to an increased robustness of the stance and to an increased kinematic workspace of the robot. Both are important features for facilitating a transition of humanoid robots from research laboratories to real-world applications, where they are confronted with multiple challenging scenarios, such as climbing stairs and ladders, traversing debris, handling heavy loads, or working in confined spaces. The distribution of forces and torques among the multiple contacts is a challenging aspect of the problem, which arises from the closed kinematic chain given by the robot and its environment.
Embedded Robotics
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Author : Thomas Bräunl
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2008-09-20
Embedded Robotics written by Thomas Bräunl and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-09-20 with Computers categories.
This book presents a unique examination of mobile robots and embedded systems, from introductory to intermediate level. It is structured in three parts, dealing with Embedded Systems (hardware and software design, actuators, sensors, PID control, multitasking), Mobile Robot Design (driving, balancing, walking, and flying robots), and Mobile Robot Applications (mapping, robot soccer, genetic algorithms, neural networks, behavior-based systems, and simulation). The book is written as a text for courses in computer science, computer engineering, IT, electronic engineering, and mechatronics, as well as a guide for robot hobbyists and researchers.
Balance Control Of A Five Dof Robot Leg
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Author : Joshua L. Abela
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Balance Control Of A Five Dof Robot Leg written by Joshua L. Abela and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
A biped robot, also known as a humanoid robot, is built to resemble the shape and perform the actions of the human body. While functioning, a biped robot interacts with surrounding human environments. Currently, various robots have been developed to resemble many parts of the human body, such as the head or torso. This material focuses on the development of one robotic leg. Research in humanoid robots will expand knowledge of the human body, while producing greater understanding of the precise motions of the human gait. The eld of research in biped robots is very interesting, and creating something similar to that of the human body is a challenging task. The concept of walking robots is motivating and interesting enough, to perform research in the eld. There are two di erent robot designs, one for the simulation based purposes and the other for real-time data collection. The simulations will be used to help understand the formulas that were developed and researched, in order to control a biped robot. These methods include the Denavit-Hartenberg parameters, Newton-Euler Recursion, Trajectory Generation, Center of Mass and Zero Moment Point. The second robot design, which provides real-time data collection, will be done on a single ve degree of freedom legged robot. This robot leg is equipped with a motor and encoder at each joint that will be used to move and track its position. The foot has four force moment sensors on the bottom of the foot that will be used to help balance the robot leg in the upright position. Since its only a single legged robot, balance is its primary objective.
Bioinspired Legged Locomotion
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Author : Maziar Ahmad Sharbafi
language : en
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
Release Date : 2017-11-21
Bioinspired Legged Locomotion written by Maziar Ahmad Sharbafi and has been published by Butterworth-Heinemann this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-21 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Bioinspired Legged Locomotion: Models, Concepts, Control and Applications explores the universe of legged robots, bringing in perspectives from engineering, biology, motion science, and medicine to provide a comprehensive overview of the field. With comprehensive coverage, each chapter brings outlines, and an abstract, introduction, new developments, and a summary. Beginning with bio-inspired locomotion concepts, the book's editors present a thorough review of current literature that is followed by a more detailed view of bouncing, swinging, and balancing, the three fundamental sub functions of locomotion. This part is closed with a presentation of conceptual models for locomotion. Next, the book explores bio-inspired body design, discussing the concepts of motion control, stability, efficiency, and robustness. The morphology of legged robots follows this discussion, including biped and quadruped designs. Finally, a section on high-level control and applications discusses neuromuscular models, closing the book with examples of applications and discussions of performance, efficiency, and robustness. At the end, the editors share their perspective on the future directions of each area, presenting state-of-the-art knowledge on the subject using a structured and consistent approach that will help researchers in both academia and industry formulate a better understanding of bioinspired legged robotic locomotion and quickly apply the concepts in research or products. Presents state-of-the-art control approaches with biological relevance Provides a thorough understanding of the principles of organization of biological locomotion Teaches the organization of complex systems based on low-dimensional motion concepts/control Acts as a guideline reference for future robots/assistive devices with legged architecture Includes a selective bibliography on the most relevant published articles
Quadrupedal Locomotion
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Author : Pablo González de Santos
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2007-02-17
Quadrupedal Locomotion written by Pablo González de Santos and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-02-17 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Walking machines have advantages over traditional vehicles, and have already accomplished tasks that wheeled or tracked robots cannot handle. Nevertheless, their use in industry and services is currently limited in scope. This book brings together methods and techniques that have been developed to deal with obstacles to wider acceptance of legged robots. Part I provides an historical overview. Part II concentrates on control techniques, as applied to Four-legged robots.