Measures Of Transit Equity
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Measures Of Transit Equity
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Author : Mary James
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Measures Of Transit Equity written by Mary James and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with categories.
Measuring Transport Equity
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Author : Karen Lucas
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2019-06-15
Measuring Transport Equity written by Karen Lucas and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-15 with Business & Economics categories.
Measuring Transport Equity provides a methodology with the potential to shape the transportation decision-making processes, thus allowing for the adoption of more equitable transport solutions. Focusing on numerous applied methodological approaches to transport equity assessment, the book formalizes the disciplinary practice, definitions and methodologies for transport equity. In addition, it recognizes the different types of equity and acknowledges that each requires their own assessment methodologies. Bringing together the most up-to-date perspectives and practical approaches for assessing transportation accessibility, environmental impacts, health and wellbeing, the book sets standards for researchers, policymakers and practitioners for conducting social impact analyses. Written by a collection of top researchers in the transport field Shows how to apply transport equity measurement ideas in the real-world through case study examples Covers emerging transport topics, including the use of the Gini index for measuring inequality Includes learning aids, such as methodology, application, policy relevance and further reading
Measuring Transport Equity
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Author : Karen Lucas
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2019-05-30
Measuring Transport Equity written by Karen Lucas and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-05-30 with Business & Economics categories.
Measuring Transport Equity provides a range of methods with the potential to shape transport decision-making processes, thus allowing for the adoption of more equitable transport solutions. Presenting numerous applied methods and applications of transport equity assessment, this book formalizes the disciplinary practice, definitions, and methodologies for transport equity. In addition, it recognizes the different types of equity and acknowledges that each requires its own assessment methodologies. Bringing together the most up-to-date perspectives and practical approaches for assessing equity in relation to accessibility, environmental impacts, health, and wellbeing, the book sets standards for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners for conducting social impact analyses and is an ideal reference for those involved in transport planning. Written by a collection of top researchers and upcoming scholars in the transport field. Shows how to apply transport equity measurement ideas in the real world through case study examples. Covers emerging transport topics, including the use of advanced measures of inequality. Includes learning aids, such as methodology, application, policy relevance, and further reading.
Enhancing Transportation Equity Analysis For Long Range Planning And Decision Making
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Author : Tierra Suzan Bills
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Enhancing Transportation Equity Analysis For Long Range Planning And Decision Making written by Tierra Suzan Bills and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) regularly perform equity analyses for their long-range transportation plans, as this is required by Environmental Justice regulations. These regional-level plans may propose hundreds of transportation infrastructure and policy changes (e.g. highway and transit extensions, fare changes, pricing schemes, etc.) as well as land-use policy changes. The challenge is to assess the distribution of impacts from all the proposed changes across different population segments. In addition, these agencies are to confirm that disadvantaged groups will share equitably in the benefits and not be overly adversely affected. While there are a number of approaches used for regional transportation equity analyses in practice, approaches using large scale travel models are emerging as a common existing practice. However, the existing methods used generally fail to paint a clear picture of what groups benefit or do not benefit from the transportation improvements. In particular, there are four critical shortcomings of the existing transportation equity analysis practice. First, there is no clear framework outlining the key components of a transportation equity analysis at the regional-level. Second, the existing zonal-level group segmentation used for identifying target and comparison groups are problematic and can lead to significant biases. Third, the use of average equity indicators can be misleading, as averages tend to mask important information about the underlying distributions. Finally, there is no clear guidance on implementing scenario ranking based on the equity objectives. In addressing the first shortcoming of existing equity analysis practices, we present a guiding framework for transportation equity analysis that organizes the components of equity analysis in terms of transportation priorities, the model, and the equity indicators. The first component emphasizes the need to identify the priority transportation improvement(s) relevant for communities, as this guides the transportation benefits (or costs) to be evaluated. The second component is the model to be used for facilitating scenario analysis and measuring the expected transportation and land-use changes. The third component refers to the selection of equity indicators (ideally selected based on the transportation priorities identified), and the evaluation of these indicators. This three-part framework is also useful for outlining the research needs for transportation equity analysis. Among other key research needs, the literature indicates that the development of meaningful distributional comparison methods for transportation planning and decision-making and the use of more comprehensive measures of transportation benefit (for use as equity indicators) are critical. The primary contributions of this dissertation relate to the third component; we develop an advanced approach for evaluating transportation equity outcomes (as represented by the equity indicator(s)). Our proposed analytical approach to transportation equity analysis addresses the existing shortcomings with respect to zonal-level group segmentation and average measures of transportation equity indicators. In addition, our approach emphasizes the importance of scenario ranking using explicit equity criteria. Our approach leverages the disaggregate functionality of activity-based travel demand models and applies individual-level data analysis to advance the existing equity analysis practices. There are four steps in our proposed equity analysis process. The first step is to select the equity indicators to be evaluated and segment the population into a target group and comparison group(s). In this case we advocate for an individual -unit of segmentation and therefore individual-level equity indicators. This minimizes the biases associated with aggregate group segmentation and average equity indicators. The second step is to calculate the indicators from the model data output, which involves determining the exact measures (formulas) for the selected equity indicators. Here we advocate for measures that are comprehensive and sensitive to both transportation system changes and land-use factors, such as the logsum accessibility and consumer surplus measure. The third step in the process is to generate and evaluate distributions of the individual-level equity indicators. In particular, we advocate for the use of what we refer to as the "Individual Difference Density" comparison, which compares distributions of individual-level changes for the population segments across the planning scenarios. This comparison allows for the "winners" and "losers" resulting from the transportation and land-use plans to be identified. The fourth and final step in the process is to identify equity criteria (associated with the chosen equity standard (objective)) and rank the planning scenarios based on the degree to which they meet the equity criteria. We present two conceptual demonstrations of the advantages of distributional comparisons, relative to average measures. The first case uses a synthetic data set and simple binary mode choice model to show and the second case uses an empirical data set (the 2000 Bay Area Travel Survey) and more sophisticated mode choice model. These demonstrations show that distributional comparisons are capable of revealing a much richer picture of how different population segments are affected by transportation plans, in comparison with average measures. Further, distributional comparison provides a framework for evaluating what population's characteristics and conditions lead to certain distribution transportation outcomes. Our proposed process for regional transportation equity analysis is subsequently applied in a case study for the San Francisco Bay Area. We evaluate joint transportation and land-use scenarios modeled using the Metropolitan Transportation Commission's state-of-the-art activity-based travel demand model. We demonstrate the power of individual-level data analysis in a real-world setting. We calculate individual-level measures of commute travel time and logsum-based accessibility/consumer surplus using the model output and compare the scenario changes across income segments. We generate empirical distributions of these indicators and compare the changes associated with the planning scenarios for low and high income commuters. Further, we apply criteria for a set of equity standards (which represent alternative equity objectives) and rank the planning scenarios. There are four key takeaways from this case study. First is that our results show a significant difference in equity outcomes when using the individual-level population segmentation approach, compared to using the zonal segmentation approach done in practice. In fact we find opposite results. For average commute travel time, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission's zonal segmentation approach indicates that low income commuters are worse off than all other commuters, while the individual segmentation approach (in our case) indicates that low income commuters are significantly better off than high income commuters. While the underlying causes for these results warrant further investigation, we hypothesize that this difference is due to the fact that the zone-based approach only captures 40% of the target (low income) group. The individual-level segmentation approach is able to capture 100% of the target group. Second is regarding the equity indicators evaluated. The commute travel time indicator results indicate that low income commuters are better off than high income commuters, while the accessibility/consumer surplus results indicate that low income commuters are worse off than high income commuters. The underlying causes for these results warrant further investigation, but we hypothesize that this difference in results to due to the fact that the logsum accessibility/consumer surplus measure by design is able to capture transportation and land-use related factors, while the travel time measure only captures one dimension of transportation user factors. Focusing on travel time may be misleading because it does not fully capture the true benefits of the transportation scenarios. Third is regarding the use of distributional comparisons, relative to average measures. We find that distributional comparisons are much more informative than average measures. The distributional measures are capable of providing a much richer picture of individuals-level transportation impacts, in terms of who gains and who loses due the transportation planning scenarios. Using the accessibility/ consumer surplus measure, the Individual Difference Densities show that as many as 33.3% of low income commuters experience losses, compared to 13.4% for high income commuters. Finally, we make the case that the use of equity standards for scenario ranking plays an important role in the equity analysis process. Our results show that different equity standards result in different rankings for the transportation planning scenarios. This points to the need for agencies (and communities) to make conscious decisions on what equity standard(s) should be used and apply this/these in the scenario ranking process. This dissertation work includes the first known full-scale application of a regional activity-based travel model for transportation equity analysis that involves distributional comparisons of individual-level equity indicators and scenario ranking based on equity criteria. We find that while the existing practice is to use average measures to represent how difference are affected by transportation plans, distributional comparison are able to provide for a richer evaluation of individual-level transportation.
Incorporating Measures Of Subjective Well Being Into The Measurement Of Transport Equity
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Author : Cameron Gordon
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Incorporating Measures Of Subjective Well Being Into The Measurement Of Transport Equity written by Cameron Gordon and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
The socio-cultural and economic distributional impacts of transportation projects are key elements of both individual project decisions and transportation policymaking. One of these dimensions, transportation equity, roughly defined as the relative distribution of benefits and burdens of transportation investments, goods and services, is a growing area of both policy and academic concern. Most 'equity' measures are 'objective' in that they use quantitative metrics of actual burden as seen and defined by outside observers. This article examines a subjective measure of burden (the Subjective Wellbeing Index) which captures how satisfied people are with their lives on a number of domains. While this concept has been used in studies of economic development and general disadvantage, it has never been used before in the context of transport disadvantage. This article will thus accomplish a first by looking at transport costs using a subjective well-being framework using a case study of Australia and the Household Income and Labour Dynamics Survey of Australia (HILDA).
Assessing The Equity Of Transit Supply Distribution In Metropolitan Areas Using Lorenz Curves And Gini Coefficients
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Author : Kelly Layne Bertolaccini
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Assessing The Equity Of Transit Supply Distribution In Metropolitan Areas Using Lorenz Curves And Gini Coefficients written by Kelly Layne Bertolaccini and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Evaluating Transportation Equity
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Author : Todd Litman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Evaluating Transportation Equity written by Todd Litman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Traffic estimation categories.
A Companion To Transport Space And Equity
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Author : Robin Hickman
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2019
A Companion To Transport Space And Equity written by Robin Hickman and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Political Science categories.
With social inequity in urban spaces becoming an increasing concern in our modern world, The Elgar Companion to Transport, Space and Equity explores the relationships between transport and social equity. Transport systems and infrastructure investment can lead to inequitable travel behaviours, with certain socio-demographic groups using particular parts of the transport system and accessing particular activities and opportunities.
Land Use Transport Interaction Models
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Author : Rubén Cordera
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2017-11-15
Land Use Transport Interaction Models written by Rubén Cordera and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-15 with Architecture categories.
Transport and the spatial location of population and activities have been important themes of study in engineering, social sciences and urban and regional planning for many decades. However, an integrated approach to the modelling of transport and land use has been rarely made, and common practice has been to model both phenomena independently. This book presents an introduction to the modelling of land use and transport interaction (LUTI), with a theoretical basis and a presentation of the broad state of the art. It also sets out the steps for building an operational LUTI model to provide a concrete application. The authors bring extensive experience in this cross-disciplinary field, primarily for an academic audience and for professionals seeking a thorough introduction.
Incorporating Issues Of Social Justice And Equity Into Transportation Planning And Policy
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Author : Kevin Manaugh
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Incorporating Issues Of Social Justice And Equity Into Transportation Planning And Policy written by Kevin Manaugh and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
"For most of the 20th century transportation planning goals were almost entirely mobility-based; transportation systems were primarily seen as a means to efficiently, safely, and quickly connect people and freight to desired destinations. However, as the century progressed, cultural, societal and ecological movements had major impacts on how planners perceive transportation networks and public transit more specifically. Several overlapping concerns have altered the role that planners and policy-makers see for transportation and land use planning. Environmental degradation, air pollution, traffic congestion, an unsure energy future, and global climate change, for example, have drastically redefined priorities for planners and policy-makers. These concerns have led to an increasing interest in public transit and active transportation -- walking and cycling -- as potential solutions to many environmental problems. Concurrent to these shifts, concerns of social equity and environmental justice have also entered the transportation planning framework. However, while transportation planning goals have shifted in recent decades to encompass social justice and environmental goals, many of these aims do not have clear indicators or accepted ways of measuring progress. In addition, while these diverse values and ideals do often underlie policy, they can have contradictory influence on transportation planning decisions. Transportation benefits include, what might be termed "tangible" or easily measured outcomes, however, many goals that address issues of social equity have "intangible" outcomes. Not only are the former easier to measure and to present to the public, but they often have more political capital than more socially progressive goals. While a rich body of research has explored these issues, most current planning documents do not make explicit that these conflicts of value exist. The concern from an equity planning standpoint is that very real and important environmental concerns will lead away from the other important roles that transportation systems can play in providing equitable outcomes. In light of these concerns, this dissertation sets out to address four research questions: How do municipalities and transit agencies balance economic, social, and environmental goals and objectives in transportation plans? How do these decisions affect outcomes, particularly with regards to social equity? How can current methods of measuring and understanding active transportation and neighbourhood walkability be improved to better capture these wide ranging objectives? How can these findings be used to improve decision-making in the future? This dissertation highlights the importance of adopting a multi-dimensional and mixed methods approach to examining complex urban issues and processes, and contributes to knowledge in three ways: Identifies a set of indicators that capture elements of social equity in transportation planning and decision-making; Develops methodologies to measure outcomes of transportation infrastructure using accessibility measures that focus on the desired destinations of residents; and Deepens the understanding of how people and households of different socio-economic status "respond" to measures of local and regional accessibility. While most -- if not all -- studies do "control for" socio-economic factors, my work makes these factors the primary focus.In doing so, this research brings awareness of important transportation-related social equity goals and increases the role that these goals may play in decision-making processes." --