Measuring Inequality Of Opportunities In Latin America And The Caribbean
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Measuring Inequality Of Opportunities In Latin America And The Caribbean
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Author : Ricardo Paes de Barros
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2008-11-12
Measuring Inequality Of Opportunities In Latin America And The Caribbean written by Ricardo Paes de Barros and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-11-12 with Business & Economics categories.
Equality of opportunity is about leveling the playing field so that circumstances such as gender, ethnicity, place of birth, or family background do not influence a person s life chances. Success in life should depend on people s choices, effort and talents, not to their circumstances at birth. 'Measuring Inequality of Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean' introduces new methods for measuring inequality of opportunities and makes an assessment of its evolution in Latin America over a decade. An innovative Human Opportunity Index and other parametric and non-parametric techniques are presented for quantifying inequality based on circumstances exogenous to individual efforts. These methods are applied to gauge inequality of opportunities in access to basic services for children, learning achievement for youth, and income and consumption for adults.
Do Our Children Have A Chance
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Author : José R. Molinas Vega
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2011-11-16
Do Our Children Have A Chance written by José R. Molinas Vega and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-11-16 with Medical categories.
The (Human Opportunity Index) HOI calculates how personal circumstances (like birthplace, wealth, race or gender) impact a child's probability of accessing the services that are necessary to succeed in life, like timely education, running water or connection to electricity. It was first published in 2008, applied to Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The findings were eye-opening: behind the enormous inequality that characterizes the region's distribution of development outcomes (income, land ownership and educational attainment, among others), there is an even more worrying inequality of development opportunities. It is not only rewards that are unequal; it is also chances. The problem is not just about equality; it is about equity too. The playing field is uneven from the start. This book reports on the status and evolution of human opportunity in LAC. It builds on the 2008 publication in several directions. First, it uses newly-available data to expand the set of opportunities and personal circumstances under analysis. The data is representative of some 200 million children living in 19 countries over the last 15 years. Second, it compares human opportunity in LAC with that of developed countries, among them the US and France, two very different models of social policy. This allows for illuminating exercises in benchmarking and extrapolation. And third, it looks at human opportunity within countries across regions, states and cities. This gives us a preliminary glimpse at the geographic dimension of equity, and at the role that different federal structures play. The overall message that emerges is one of cautious hope. LAC is making progress in opening the doors of development to all. But it still has a long way to go. At the current pace, it would take, on average, a generation for the region to achieve universal access to just the basic services that make for human opportunity. Seen from the viewpoint of equity, even most successful nations lag far behind the developed world. And intra-county regional disparities are large, and barely converging. Fortunately, there is much policy makers can do about it.
Capital Power And Inequality In Latin America And The Caribbean
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Author : Richard L. Harris
language : en
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
Release Date : 2008-01-28
Capital Power And Inequality In Latin America And The Caribbean written by Richard L. Harris and has been published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-01-28 with Political Science categories.
Comprehensive and interdisciplinary, the thoroughly updated and revised second edition of Capital, Power, and Inequality in Latin America is an engaging critical analysis of the major political, economic, social, and ecological conditions in Latin America and the Caribbean. Expert chapter authors describe and analyze the economies and trading relations, politics and state policies, social inequalities and social injustices, indigenous communities, gender relations, influence of religion, wide array of social movements, and social ecology of the societies in this important region of the world.
Inequality In Latin America
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Author : David M. De Ferranti
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2004-01-01
Inequality In Latin America written by David M. De Ferranti and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-01-01 with Business & Economics categories.
Latin America and the Caribbean has been one of the regions of the world with the greatest inequality. This book explores why the region suffers from such persistent inequality, identifies how it hampers development, and suggests ways to achieve greater equity in the distribution of wealth, incomes and opportunities. The study draws on data from 20 countries based on household surveys covering 3.6 million people, and reviews extensive economic, sociological and political science studies on inequality in Latin America. Four broad areas for action by governments and civil society groups to break the destructive pattern are outlined: (1) build more open political and social institutions, that allow the poor and historically subordinate groups to gain a greater share of agency, voice and power in society; (2) ensure that economic institutions and policies seek greater equity, through sound macroeconomic management and equitable, efficient crisis resolution institutions, that avoid the large regressive redistributions that occur during crises, and that allow for saving in good times to enhance access by the poor to social safety nets in bad times; (3) increase access by the poor to high-quality public services, especially education, health, water and electricity, as well as access to farmland and the rural services, and protect and enforce the property rights of the urban poor; (4) reform income transfer programmes so that they reach the poorest families.
Wage Inequality In Latin America
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Author : Julián Messina
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2017-12-28
Wage Inequality In Latin America written by Julián Messina and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-12-28 with Business & Economics categories.
What caused the decline in wage inequality of the 2000s in Latin America? Looking to the future, will the current economic slowdown be regressive? Wage Inequality in Latin America: Understanding the Past to Prepare for the Future addresses these two questions by reviewing relevant literature and providing new evidence on what we know from the conceptual, empirical, and policy perspectives. The answer to the fi rst question can be broken down into several parts, although the bottom line is that the changes in wage inequality resulted from a combination of three forces: (a) education expansion and its eff ect on falling returns to skill (the supply-side story); (b) shifts in aggregate domestic demand; and (c) exchange rate appreciation from the commodity boom and the associated shift to the nontradable sector that changed interfi rm wage diff erences. Other forces had a non-negligible but secondary role in some countries, while they were not present in others. These include the rapid increase of the minimum wage and a rapid trend toward formalization of employment, which played a supporting role but only during the boom. Understanding the forces behind recent trends also helps to shed light on the second question. The analysis in this volume suggests that the economic slowdown is putting the brakes on the reduction of inequality in Latin America and will likely continue to do so—but it might not actually reverse the region’s movement toward less wage inequality.
Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction
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Author : Luis Bértola
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-01-25
Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction written by Luis Bértola and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-01-25 with Business & Economics categories.
This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book brings together a range of ideas and theories to arrive at a deeper understanding of inequality in Latin America and its complex realities. To so, it addresses questions such as: What are the origins of inequality in Latin America? How can we create societies that are more equal in terms of income distribution, gender equality and opportunities? How can we remedy the social divide that is making Latin America one of the most unequal regions on earth? What are the roles played by market forces, institutions and ideology in terms of inequality? In this book, a group of global experts gathered by the Institute for the Integration of Latin America and the Caribbean (INTAL), part of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), show readers how various types of inequality, such as economical, educational, racial and gender inequality have been practiced in countries like Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Mexico and many others through the centuries. Presenting new ideas, new evidence, and new methods, the book subsequently analyzes how to move forward with second-generation reforms that lay the foundations for more egalitarian societies. As such, it offers a valuable and insightful guide for development economists, historians and Latin American specialists alike, as well as students, educators, policymakers and all citizens with an interest in development, inequality and the Latin American region.
How S Life In Latin America Measuring Well Being For Policy Making
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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 2021-10-28
How S Life In Latin America Measuring Well Being For Policy Making written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-10-28 with categories.
Many Latin American countries have experienced improvements in income over recent decades, with several of them now classified as high-income or upper middle-income in terms of conventional metrics. But has this change been mirrored in improvements across the different areas of people’s lives? How’s Life in Latin America? Measuring Well-being for Policy Making addresses this question by presenting comparative evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) with a focus on 11 LAC countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay).
Persistence And Emergencies Of Inequalities In Latin America
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Author : Pablo Vommaro
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-02-21
Persistence And Emergencies Of Inequalities In Latin America written by Pablo Vommaro and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-02-21 with Social Science categories.
This book adopts a multidimensional approach to analyze both the historical and emerging factors that contribute to make Latin America and the Caribbean the most unequal region in the world. Social inequality is a historical characteristic of the region, but at the beginning of the 21st century, a handful of progressive governments seemed to be adopting policies that could reduce this historical trend. Many of these efforts, however, were blocked or reversed by the COVID-19 pandemic, which both exposed the persistence of historical trends and contributed to the emergency of new forms of inequality in the region. The different chapters in this contributed volume adopt a multidimensional, intersectional, perspective to analyze both the persistence and the emergency of social devices of production and reproduction of inequalities in the diverse Latin American and Caribbean temporal spatialities. The issues analyzed in the different chapters revolve around four main axes: a) persistence of generational and intergenerational inequalities; b) structural gender inequality; c) intertwined social inequalities: race, class and social structure and; c) historical and economic dimension of inequality. Persistence and Emergencies of Inequalities in Latin America: A Multidimensional Approach will be of interest to researchers interested in the study of social inequality and social justice in different fields of the human and social sciences, such as sociology, political science, history, economics, anthropology and education. It will also be a valuable tool for policy makers and social activists engaged in the discussion, advocacy and implementation of public policies aimed at reducing social inequalities.
The Income Distribution Problem In Latin America And The Caribbean
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Author : Samuel A. Morley
language : en
Publisher: Santiago, Chile : ECLAC
Release Date : 2001
The Income Distribution Problem In Latin America And The Caribbean written by Samuel A. Morley and has been published by Santiago, Chile : ECLAC this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Business & Economics categories.
Provides a profile of income inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean and summarises trends from the 1970s to the 1990s. Examines the determinants of income distribution and explores the impact of economic growth and economic reforms. Analyses data on the determinants of income distribution for 16 countries and presents more detailed case studies for nine countries. Discusses policy implications.
Economic Mobility And The Rise Of The Latin American Middle Class
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Author : Francisco H. G. Ferreira
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2012-11-09
Economic Mobility And The Rise Of The Latin American Middle Class written by Francisco H. G. Ferreira and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-11-09 with Business & Economics categories.
After decades of stagnation, the size of Latin America's middle class recently expanded to the point where, for the first time ever, the number of people in poverty is equal to the size of the middle class. This volume investigates the nature, determinants and possible consequences of this remarkable process of social transformation. We propose an original definition of the middle class, tailor-made for Latin America, centered on the concept of economic security and thus a low probability of falling into poverty. Given our definition of the middle class, there are four, not three, classes in Latin America. Sandwiched between the poor and the middle class there lies a large group of people who appear to make ends meet well enough, but do not enjoy the economic security that would be required for membership of the middle class. We call this group the 'vulnerable'. In an almost mechanical sense, these transformations in Latin America reflect both economic growth and declining inequality in over the period. We adopt a measure of mobility that decomposes the 'gainers' and 'losers' in society by social class of each household. The continent has experienced a large amount of churning over the last 15 years, at least 43% of all Latin Americans changed social classes between the mid 1990s and the end of the 2000s. Despite the upward mobility trend, intergenerational mobility, a better proxy for inequality of opportunity, remains stagnant. Educational achievement and attainment remain to be strongly dependent upon parental education levels. Despite the recent growth in pro-poor programs, the middle class has benefited disproportionally from social security transfers and are increasingly opting out from government services. Central to the region's prospects of continued progress will be its ability to harness the new middle class into a new, more inclusive social contract, where the better-off pay their fair share of taxes, and demand improved public services.