Optogenetic Studies Of Brain Disease
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Optogenetic Studies Of Brain Disease
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Author : Murtaza Mogri
language : en
Publisher: Stanford University
Release Date : 2011
Optogenetic Studies Of Brain Disease written by Murtaza Mogri and has been published by Stanford University this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Optogenetic neuromodulation is giving scientists an unprecedented ability to modulate neural circuits, providing specificity with regards to location, cell type, as well as neuromodulatory effect. On the other hand, electrical stimulation and lesions, methods commonly used to study neural circuits, are lacking in specificity, often affecting both local cells and passing axons, as well as multiple cell types. Our laboratory has been at the forefront of the field of optogenetics, having developed, for use in mammalian systems, Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), an algal light-activated cation channel that depolarizes neurons in response to blue light, and Natronomonas pharaonis halorhodopsin (eNpHR), a chloride pump that hyperpolarizes neurons in response to amber light. These proteins can control neuronal activity with millisecond timescale precision, and through promoters, they can be targeted to specific cell-types in heterogeneous tissue. Along with its specificity, light stimulation with optogenetic tools often allows the recording of neural activity without the artifact that obfuscates recordings with electrical stimulation. The advantages provided by optogenetics allowed us to make a breakthrough in determining the therapeutic mechanism of deep brain stimulation, a robust treatment for Parkinson's disease in which stimulating electrodes are implanted deep in the brain. Using optogenetics, we replicated the effect of deep brain stimulation by modulating cortical inputs into the region where the stimulating electrode is normally placed. Combined with other corroborating publications, a hypothesis is emerging that electrical stimulation deep in the brain actually produces its effect by modulating cortical projections to the deep brain region. Based on this concept, several clinical studies are being done to better understand the cortical role in Parkinson's disease and determine whether cortical stimulation (potentially non-invasive), could be an alternative to the invasive implants currently used. In order to perform these experiments, we studied the transmission of visible light in brain tissue to estimate the volume of activation produced by optogenetic stimulation and developed a device to measure fluorescence in awake, behaving animals, allowing the quantification of virally transfected gene expression over time, as well as the localization of expression along axon bundles. The knowledge gained from these experiments will have a significant impact on future experiments in the broader field of optogenetics.
Optogenetic Studies Of Brain Disease
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Author : Murtaza Mogri
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Optogenetic Studies Of Brain Disease written by Murtaza Mogri and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Optogenetic neuromodulation is giving scientists an unprecedented ability to modulate neural circuits, providing specificity with regards to location, cell type, as well as neuromodulatory effect. On the other hand, electrical stimulation and lesions, methods commonly used to study neural circuits, are lacking in specificity, often affecting both local cells and passing axons, as well as multiple cell types. Our laboratory has been at the forefront of the field of optogenetics, having developed, for use in mammalian systems, Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), an algal light-activated cation channel that depolarizes neurons in response to blue light, and Natronomonas pharaonis halorhodopsin (eNpHR), a chloride pump that hyperpolarizes neurons in response to amber light. These proteins can control neuronal activity with millisecond timescale precision, and through promoters, they can be targeted to specific cell-types in heterogeneous tissue. Along with its specificity, light stimulation with optogenetic tools often allows the recording of neural activity without the artifact that obfuscates recordings with electrical stimulation. The advantages provided by optogenetics allowed us to make a breakthrough in determining the therapeutic mechanism of deep brain stimulation, a robust treatment for Parkinson's disease in which stimulating electrodes are implanted deep in the brain. Using optogenetics, we replicated the effect of deep brain stimulation by modulating cortical inputs into the region where the stimulating electrode is normally placed. Combined with other corroborating publications, a hypothesis is emerging that electrical stimulation deep in the brain actually produces its effect by modulating cortical projections to the deep brain region. Based on this concept, several clinical studies are being done to better understand the cortical role in Parkinson's disease and determine whether cortical stimulation (potentially non-invasive), could be an alternative to the invasive implants currently used. In order to perform these experiments, we studied the transmission of visible light in brain tissue to estimate the volume of activation produced by optogenetic stimulation and developed a device to measure fluorescence in awake, behaving animals, allowing the quantification of virally transfected gene expression over time, as well as the localization of expression along axon bundles. The knowledge gained from these experiments will have a significant impact on future experiments in the broader field of optogenetics.
Optogenetics
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Author : Krishnarao Appasani
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Optogenetics written by Krishnarao Appasani and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Biotechnology categories.
Discovered little more than a decade ago, optogenetics - a revolutionary technique combining genetic and optical methods to observe and control the function of neurons - is now a widely used research tool. Optogenetics-driven research has led to insights into Parkinson's disease and other neurological and psychiatric disorders. With contributions from leaders and innovators from both academia and industry, this volume explores the discovery and application of optogenetics, from the basic science to its potential clinical use. Chapters cover a range of optogenetics applications, including for brain circuits, plasticity, memory, learning, sleep, vision and neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Providing authoritative coverage of the huge potential that optogenetics research carries, this is an ideal resource for researchers and graduate students, as well as for those working in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries and in a clinical setting.
Lighting Up The Brain
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Author : Marc Zimmer
language : en
Publisher: Twenty-First Century Books ™
Release Date : 2018-01-01
Lighting Up The Brain written by Marc Zimmer and has been published by Twenty-First Century Books ™ this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-01-01 with Young Adult Nonfiction categories.
What if neuroscientists could look inside the human brain and watch individual brain cells send signals to one another? What if they could then control these brain cells to direct thoughts and actions? This may sound like science fiction, but it's actually a scientific revolution called optogenetics. Neuroscientists would like to use this new technology on human brains to uncover secrets about how the brain processes information and drives human behavior. Doctors hope to use optogenetics to restore sight and to treat Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, and other debilitating or deadly health problems. Discover how the innovative work of leaders in the field is poised to radically transform science, medicine, and human health.
Optogenetics
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Author : Arash Kianianmomeni
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Optogenetics written by Arash Kianianmomeni and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Biomedicine categories.
Neuroscience In The 21st Century
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Author : Donald W. Pfaff
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-10-27
Neuroscience In The 21st Century written by Donald W. Pfaff and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-27 with Medical categories.
Edited and authored by a wealth of international experts in neuroscience and related disciplines, this key new resource aims to offer medical students and graduate researchers around the world a comprehensive introduction and overview of modern neuroscience. Neuroscience research is certain to prove a vital element in combating mental illness in its various incarnations, a strategic battleground in the future of medicine, as the prevalence of mental disorders is becoming better understood each year. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are affected by mental, behavioral, neurological and substance use disorders. The World Health Organization estimated in 2002 that 154 million people globally suffer from depression and 25 million people from schizophrenia; 91 million people are affected by alcohol use disorders and 15 million by drug use disorders. A more recent WHO report shows that 50 million people suffer from epilepsy and 24 million from Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Because neuroscience takes the etiology of disease—the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors—as its object of inquiry, it is increasingly valuable in understanding an array of medical conditions. A recent report by the United States’ Surgeon General cites several such diseases: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, early-onset depression, autism, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, and panic disorder, among many others. Not only is this volume a boon to those wishing to understand the future of neuroscience, it also aims to encourage the initiation of neuroscience programs in developing countries, featuring as it does an appendix full of advice on how to develop such programs. With broad coverage of both basic science and clinical issues, comprising around 150 chapters from a diversity of international authors and including complementary video components, Neuroscience in the 21st Century in its second edition serves as a comprehensive resource to students and researchers alike.
Optogenetics
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Author : Hiromu Yawo
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-01-05
Optogenetics written by Hiromu Yawo and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-01-05 with Medical categories.
This book, now in a thoroughly revised second edition, offers a comprehensive review of the rapidly growing field of optogenetics, in which light-sensing proteins are genetically engineered into cells in order to acquire information on cellular physiology in optical form or to enable control of specific network in the brain upon activation by light. Light-sensing proteins of various living organisms are now available to be exogenously expressed in neurons and other target cells both in vivo and in vitro. Cellular functions can thus be manipulated or probed by light. The new edition documents fully the extensive progress since publication of the first edition to provide an up-to-date overview of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of light-sensing proteins and their application in biological systems, particularly in neuroscience but also in medicine and the optical sciences. Underlying principles are explained and detailed information provided on a wide range of optogenetic tools for the observation and control of cellular signaling and physiology, gene targeting technologies, and optical methods for biological applications. In presenting the current status of optogenetics and emerging directions, this milestone publication will be a “must read” for all involved in research in any way related to optogenetics.
Basic Electrophysiological Methods
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Author : Ellen Covey
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2015-02-25
Basic Electrophysiological Methods written by Ellen Covey and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-02-25 with Medical categories.
Basic Electrophysiological Methods provides a concise and easy-to-read guide on a selection of the most important contemporary electrophysiological techniques, their implementation, applications, and ways in which they can be combined and integrated with neuroscientific techniques. Intended for students, postdocs, and faculty with a basic neuroscience background, this text will not obscure the relevant technical details with textbook neuroscience tutorials as many other books do. Instead, each chapter provides a conscientious overview of the underlying theory -- a comprehensive description of equipment, materials, methods, data management, and analysis -- a troubleshooting guide, and a list of frequently asked questions. No book or online resource can function as strictly a DIY set of instructions on how to implement a complex technique. However, this book provides a fundamental and accessible set of information intended to form a foundation prior to, during, and after hands-on experience and training, greatly facilitating the initial learning process and subsequent fine-tuning of technical details.
The Advances And Applications Of Optogenetics
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Author : Elena G. Govorunova
language : en
Publisher: MDPI
Release Date : 2020-12-28
The Advances And Applications Of Optogenetics written by Elena G. Govorunova and has been published by MDPI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-28 with Science categories.
This book provides an update for the rapidly developing technology known as “optogenetics”, which is the use of genetically encoded light-sensitive molecular elements (usually derived from lower organisms) to control or report various physiological and biochemical processes within the cell. Two ongoing clinical trials use optogenetic tools for vision restoration, and optogenetic strategies have been suggested as novel therapies for several neurological, psychiatric and cardiac disorders. This Special Issue comprises two reviews and seven experimental papers on different types of light-sensitive modules widely used in optogenetic studies. These papers demonstrate the efficiency and versatility of optogenetics and are expected to be equally relevant for advanced users and beginners considering using optogenetic tools in their research.
Optogenetics
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Author : Thomas Knopfel
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2012-04-19
Optogenetics written by Thomas Knopfel and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-04-19 with Medical categories.
Optogenetics is a fast-growing field concerning the invention, and use, of molecules that are genetically expressed in cells, and then either report on cellular physiology in optical form, or enable control of specific pathways in cells when actuated by light. This book reviews the current state, as well as the underlying principles and future directions, of a diversity of optogenetic tools of importance for observing and controlling cellular signaling and physiology. These tools are already revolutionizing neuroscience, and are starting to have impact on fields ranging from metabolism to development to cardiology. The book contains a dozen chapters written by world experts on these topics, half focusing on the optogenetic molecular tools themselves, and half on the genetic and hardware approaches that make them powerfully useful in intact tissues and organisms. Leading authors review the state-of-the-art in their field of investigation and provide their views and perspectives for future research Chapters are extensively referenced to provide readers with a comprehensive list of resources on the topics covered All chapters include comprehensive background information and are written in a clear form that is also accessible to the non-specialist