Photon Counting Image Sensors
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Photon Counting Image Sensors
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Author : Eric R. Fossum
language : en
Publisher: MDPI
Release Date : 2018-07-06
Photon Counting Image Sensors written by Eric R. Fossum and has been published by MDPI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-07-06 with categories.
This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Photon-Counting Image Sensors" that was published in Sensors
Photon Counting Image Sensors
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Photon Counting Image Sensors written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Electronic book categories.
Color X Ray Imaging And Photon Counting With Temporally Oversampled Cmos Image Sensors
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Author : Donald B. Hondongwa
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Color X Ray Imaging And Photon Counting With Temporally Oversampled Cmos Image Sensors written by Donald B. Hondongwa and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
X-ray imaging is an indispensable tool for medical imaging allowing the non-invasive viewing of the internal structure and function of an organism. Unfortunately, the imaging performance is limited by the loss of x-ray energy information that occurs during typical imaging processes. This sometimes necessitates the use of higher x-ray doses during an imaging session which can be damaging to the patient. Shifting to photon-counting detectors offers a means to correct for some of the performance loss that results from this loss of energy information. Basic x-ray photon counting seeks to identify the presence of a single x-ray quanta, but with additional processing circuitry, it is also possible to estimate the x-ray photon energy. By utilizing temporal oversampling, and imaging at over 1000 frames per second (1000 fps), each x-ray quanta absorbed by the detector can be counted. The sensor produces a binary output corresponding to the detected x-ray absorption events. To examine the underlying hypothesis that x-ray photon counting can be implemented with a temporally-oversampled CMOS image sensor, a prototype x-ray quanta image sensor (XQIS) was designed and fabricated using a commercial CMOS image sensor process. An accompanying system level model was also developed. The additional hypothesis that energy (color) information can be preserved during the imaging process with the XQIS is examined using the thresholding circuitry that the prototype sensor was designed with. An additional novel pixel structure incorporating both counting and integrating circuitry has been designed for color imaging and augmented dynamic range.
Cmos Spad Based Image Sensor For Single Photon Counting And Time Of Flight Imaging
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Author : Neale Arthur William Dutton
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Cmos Spad Based Image Sensor For Single Photon Counting And Time Of Flight Imaging written by Neale Arthur William Dutton and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Photon Counting Computed Tomography
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Author : Scott Hsieh
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2023-05-27
Photon Counting Computed Tomography written by Scott Hsieh and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-05-27 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book will provide readers with a good overview of some of most recent advances in the field of Photon Counting CT technology for X-ray medical imaging, especially as it pertains to new detectors. There will be a good mixture of general chapters in both technology and applications in CT medical imaging. The book will have an in-depth review of the research topics from world-leading specialists in the field. The conversion of the X-ray signal into analogue/digital value will be covered in some chapters. The authors also provide a review of CMOS chips for X-ray image sensors, methods of material discrimination and image reconstruction techniques. Covers a broad range of topics, including an introduction to novel spectral Computed Tomography; Includes in-depth analysis on how to optimize X-ray detection; Discusses analysis of electronics for X-ray detection.
Single Photon Imaging
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Author : Peter Seitz
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2011-08-03
Single Photon Imaging written by Peter Seitz and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-08-03 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The acquisition and interpretation of images is a central capability in almost all scientific and technological domains. In particular, the acquisition of electromagnetic radiation, in the form of visible light, UV, infrared, X-ray, etc. is of enormous practical importance. The ultimate sensitivity in electronic imaging is the detection of individual photons. With this book, the first comprehensive review of all aspects of single-photon electronic imaging has been created. Topics include theoretical basics, semiconductor fabrication, single-photon detection principles, imager design and applications of different spectral domains. Today, the solid-state fabrication capabilities for several types of image sensors has advanced to a point, where uncoooled single-photon electronic imaging will soon become a consumer product. This book is giving a specialist ́s view from different domains to the forthcoming “single-photon imaging” revolution. The various aspects of single-photon imaging are treated by internationally renowned, leading scientists and technologists who have all pioneered their respective fields.
Photon Counting Jot Devices For Quanta Image Sensor
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Author : Jiaju Ma
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Photon Counting Jot Devices For Quanta Image Sensor written by Jiaju Ma and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
"The quanta image sensor (QIS) is a third-generation solid-state digital imaging technology. The photoelements, called "jots," are specialized to have photo-counting sensitivity at room temperature without using electron avalanche multiplication. A QIS may contain billions of jots operating at 1000fps or higher and by counting every single photon at a high speed, numerous exciting features can be enabled. This novel technology can naturally fit the needs of high-speed and high-resolution accurate photon-counting imaging for scientific imaging, space imaging, security, low-light imaging and other applications. A proof of concept for the jot device was successfully developed and demonstrated in 2015 and 2017. Using the innovative jot structure, sub-0.2e- r.m.s. read noise was demonstrated with a manifestly improved conversion gain at room temperature. For the first time, accurate photon counting was realized with photodetectors fabricated in a standard CMOS process without the use of amplification from electron avalanche multiplication. This thesis covers the development of photon-counting jot devices for the QIS. The design of the jot was one of the most difficult challenges in the implementation of the QIS. These difficulties included the reduction of read noise to enable photon-counting while shrinking the size of the jots and optimizing other specifications that affect the accuracy of photon-counting (dark current, quantum efficiency, etc.). The work presented in this thesis covers all of these topics, while the emphasis is placed on the most challenging hurdle: the reduction of read noise towards the deep sub-electron read noise region to enable photon-counting."
Jots To Pixels
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Author : Rachel C. Zizza
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Jots To Pixels written by Rachel C. Zizza and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
"Camera pixels continue to shrink to provide better image resolution, but in doing so they also limit the size of the area designated for light collection. This results in reduced signal-to-noise ratio. A solution to this issue is the concept of the Quanta Image Sensor, a binary, photon-counting image sensor that is oversampled both spatially and temporally. The resulting sensor output is a three dimensional binary cube, which needs to be processed to form a grayscale image. In this thesis, QIS image capture and processing are simulated with MATLAB functions in order to investigate ways the 3D binary data can be manipulated to produce the best quality images. The simplest way to convert the binary pixel ("jot") data into grayscale pixels is to sum groups of jots together and assign the sum an intensity value. It is shown that this method is highly effective, and the size of the group can be increased for a gain in SNR, though at the cost of resolution. Alternatively, groups of jots can be overlapped and then the result downsampled for further gains in SNR with no loss in resolution. It is also found that the SNR can always be improved by increasing the number of captured frames in the third dimension, although this increases total integration time. The SNR can also be extended over a wide dynamic range by successively decreasing the exposure time per frame before summing jots into pixels. Finally, results of summing groups of jots are compared to an iterative maximum a posteriori solution, and it is found that the MAP solution could allow for greater output SNR for a small number of exposure frames if iterated for long enough. However, summing jots leads to higher overall SNR in significantly less time for a given number of frames."
Photon Counting
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Author : Nikolay Britun
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2018-03-21
Photon Counting written by Nikolay Britun and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-03-21 with Science categories.
Photon counting is a unified name for the techniques using single-photon detection for accumulative measurements of the light flux, normally occurring under extremely low-light conditions. Nowadays, this approach can be applied to the wide variety of the radiation wavelengths, starting from X-ray and deep ultraviolet transitions and ending with far-infrared part of the spectrum. As a special tribute to the photon counting, the studies of cosmic microwave background radiation in astronomy, the experiments with muon detection, and the large-scale fundamental experiments on the nature of matter should be noted. The book provides readers with an overview on the fundamentals and state-of-the-art applications of photon counting technique in the applied science and everyday life.
Characterization Of A Single Photon Sensing And Photon Number Resolving Cmos Detector For Astrophysics
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Author : Justin P. Gallagher
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Characterization Of A Single Photon Sensing And Photon Number Resolving Cmos Detector For Astrophysics written by Justin P. Gallagher and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Metal oxide semiconductors, Complementary categories.
"Next-generation NASA missions, such as the LUVIOR and HabEx concepts, require single photon counting large-format detectors. Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) have typically been used for optical applications in similar flagship missions of the past. CCDs have excellent properties in most metrics but have their own challenges for single photon counting applications. First, typical CCDs have a read noise of a few electrons, although recent modifications (EMCCDs) use an on-chip gain to amplify the signal above the read noise. Secondly, the signal is carried by charge that is transferred across the detector array. While CCDs for NASA missions are carefully fabricated to minimize defects, continuous bombardment from high energy radiation in space will damage the detector over the lifetime of the mission. This will degrade the charge transfer efficiency and in turn, reduce the single photon counting ability of the CCD. CMOS devices offer a different architecture that mitigates some of these problems. In CMOS image sensors, each pixel has its own charge to voltage converter and in-pixel amplifier mitigating issues found with charge transfer efficiency. Additional circuits that are critical to operation of the sensor can be incorporated on chip allowing for a parallel readout architecture that increases frame rate and can decrease read noise. This thesis is a collection of work for the characterization of a room temperature characterization, low-noise, single photon counting and photon number resolving CMOS detector. The work performed in this thesis will provide the framework for a technology development project funded by NASA Cosmic Origins (COR) program office. At the end of the two-year project, a megapixel CMOS focal plane array will be demonstrated to satisfy the stated needs of the LUVOIR and HabEx future astrophysics space mission concepts with a launch date near the 2040s."--Abstract.