Pooling Risk Among Countries
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Pooling Risk Among Countries
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Author : Jean Imbs
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2007-06
Pooling Risk Among Countries written by Jean Imbs and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-06 with Business & Economics categories.
In this paper, we identify the groups of countries where international risk-sharing opportunities are most attractive. We show that the bulk of risk-sharing gains can be achieved in groups consisting of as few as seven members, and that further marginal benefits quickly become negligible. For many such small groups, the welfare gains associated with risk sharing can amount to one order of magnitude larger than Lucas's classic calibration suggested for the United States, under similar assumptions on utility. Why do we not observe more arrangements of this type? Large welfare gains can only be achieved within groups where contracts are probably seen as relatively difficult to enforce. International diversification can thus yield substantial gains, but these may remain untapped owing to potential partners' weak institutional quality and a history of default on international obligations. Noting that existing risk sharing arrangements often have a regional dimension, we speculate that shared economic interests such as common trade may help sustain such arrangements, though risk-sharing gains are smaller when membership is constrained on a regional basis.
Risk Pooling
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Author : Gina Lagomarsino
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008*
Risk Pooling written by Gina Lagomarsino and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008* with categories.
This paper explores risk pooling as a potential mechanism to leverage the private health sector to improve the quality, affordability, and availability of care for the poor in developing countries. It primarily explores smaller scale private risk-pooling programs, with a focus on those that have been launched in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa among poor and informally employed populations. We hypothesize that these smaller scale programs can be a stepping stone toward broader public health financing reforms that have so far remained largely elusive in most of the world's poorest countries.
Extending The Risk Pool For Health In Developing Countries
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Author : Cristian C. Baeza
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Extending The Risk Pool For Health In Developing Countries written by Cristian C. Baeza and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
Increasing participation in effective health risk-pooling arrangements in developing countries is an essential component of the package of policies designed to protect vulnerable households from the impoverishing consequences of health shocks. People who are poor, those at high risk and self-employed/informally employed workers are three groups that raise particular issues in the formulation of health risk-pooling policy. In this paper, policy options for extending risk-pooling in developing countries are discussed, with particular attention to the merits and disadvantages of overcoming the shortcomings of payroll-tax-financed insurance through a greater role for general tax financing in the health sector.
Pooling Health Insurance Risks
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Author : Mark V. Pauly
language : en
Publisher: American Enterprise Institute
Release Date : 1999
Pooling Health Insurance Risks written by Mark V. Pauly and has been published by American Enterprise Institute this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Business & Economics categories.
Uncertainty about risks to health virtually requires that people have health insurance. But how is the cost of premiums determined? Should rates vary according to some indicators of risk? How much do premiums vary with risk? Do the young and the healthy actually subsidize the old and the unhealthy?
What We Owe Each Other
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Author : Minouche Shafik
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2022-08-23
What We Owe Each Other written by Minouche Shafik and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-08-23 with Business & Economics categories.
From one of the leading policy experts of our time, an urgent rethinking of how we can better support each other to thrive Whether we realize it or not, all of us participate in the social contract every day through mutual obligations among our family, community, place of work, and fellow citizens. Caring for others, paying taxes, and benefiting from public services define the social contract that supports and binds us together as a society. Today, however, our social contract has been broken by changing gender roles, technology, new models of work, aging, and the perils of climate change. Minouche Shafik takes us through stages of life we all experience—raising children, getting educated, falling ill, working, growing old—and shows how a reordering of our societies is possible. Drawing on evidence and examples from around the world, she shows how every country can provide citizens with the basics to have a decent life and be able to contribute to society. But we owe each other more than this. A more generous and inclusive society would also share more risks collectively and ask everyone to contribute for as long as they can so that everyone can fulfill their potential. What We Owe Each Other identifies the key elements of a better social contract that recognizes our interdependencies, supports and invests more in each other, and expects more of individuals in return. Powerful, hopeful, and thought-provoking, What We Owe Each Other provides practical solutions to current challenges and demonstrates how we can build a better society—together.
Health Financing For Poor People
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Author : Alexander S. Preker
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2004
Health Financing For Poor People written by Alexander S. Preker and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Medical categories.
One of the most urgent development challenges facing many low and middle income countries is the need for adequate financing systems to pay for health care provision to the estimated 1.3 billion impoverished people living in rural areas or working in the informal sector in urban areas. This publication considers ways of improving the financing of health care at low income levels, as part of a global strategy for increased investment in health and poverty reduction. Topics discussed include: global and regional trends in healthcare financing; strengths and weaknesses of community-based health financing, and experiences in Asia and Africa; country case studies using household survey analysis from Senegal, Rwanda, India and Thailand; deficit financing; and the impact of risk sharing on achieving health system goals.
Climate Leviathan
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Author : Joel Wainwright
language : en
Publisher: Verso Books
Release Date : 2018-02-13
Climate Leviathan written by Joel Wainwright and has been published by Verso Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-02-13 with Political Science categories.
**Winner of the 2019 Sussex International Theory Prize** -- How climate change will affect our political theory - for better and worse Despite the science and the summits, leading capitalist states have not achieved anything close to an adequate level of carbon mitigation. There is now simply no way to prevent the planet breaching the threshold of two degrees Celsius set by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. What are the likely political and economic outcomes of this? Where is the overheating world heading? To further the struggle for climate justice, we need to have some idea how the existing global order is likely to adjust to a rapidly changing environment. Climate Leviathan provides a radical way of thinking about the intensifying challenges to the global order. Drawing on a wide range of political thought, Joel Wainwright and Geoff Mann argue that rapid climate change will transform the world's political economy and the fundamental political arrangements most people take for granted. The result will be a capitalist planetary sovereignty, a terrifying eventuality that makes the construction of viable, radical alternatives truly imperative.
How To Pool Risks Across Generations
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Author : Michael Otsuka
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2023-06-15
How To Pool Risks Across Generations written by Michael Otsuka and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-06-15 with categories.
How to Pool Risks across Generations makes the case for the collective provision of pensions, on fair terms of social cooperation. Through the insurance of a mutual association which extends across society and over multiple generations, we share one another's fates by pooling risks across both space and time. Resources are transferred, not simply between different people, but also within the possible future lives of each person: from one's more fortunate to one's less fortunate future selves. The book opens with an investigation of the longevity and investment risk that even a single individual on a desert island would face in providing for her old age. From this atomistic starting point, it builds up, within and across the chapters, to increasingly collective forms of pension provision. By joining together, it is possible to tame the risks we would face as individuals each with our own private pension pot. A collective pension can be justified as a 'social union of social unions': an enduring corporate body, which is formed by agreements to pool risks, in a manner that involves reciprocity between the various individuals that constitute the collective. Even though all individuals age and die, a collective pension scheme remains evergreen, as the average age of members remains relatively unchanged, through the influx of new members to replace those who retire. It is therefore possible to smooth risks indefinitely across as well as within generations, to the mutual advantage of each.
Revisiting Risk Weighted Assets
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Author : Vanessa Le Leslé
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2012-03-01
Revisiting Risk Weighted Assets written by Vanessa Le Leslé and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-03-01 with Business & Economics categories.
In this paper, we provide an overview of the concerns surrounding the variations in the calculation of risk-weighted assets (RWAs) across banks and jurisdictions and how this might undermine the Basel III capital adequacy framework. We discuss the key drivers behind the differences in these calculations, drawing upon a sample of systemically important banks from Europe, North America, and Asia Pacific. We then discuss a range of policy options that could be explored to fix the actual and perceived problems with RWAs, and improve the use of risk-sensitive capital ratios.
Globalization And Systemic Risk
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Author : Douglas Darrell Evanoff
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2009
Globalization And Systemic Risk written by Douglas Darrell Evanoff and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Business & Economics categories.
The impact of globalization of financial markets is a highly debated topic, particularly in recent months when the issue of globalization and contagion of financial distress has become a focus of intense policy debate. The papers in this volume provide an up-to-date overview of the key issues in this debate. While most of the contributions were prepared after the initial outbreak of the current global turmoil and financial crisis, they identify the relative strengths of the risk diversification and risk transmission processes and examine the empirical evidence to date. The book considers the relative roles of banks, nonbank financial institutions and capital markets in both risk diversification and risk transmission. It then evaluates the current status of crisis resolution in a global context, and speculates where to go from here in terms of understanding, resolution, prevention and public policy.