Precipitates In Diamond And The Diamond To Graphite Transformation
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Precipitates In Diamond And The Diamond To Graphite Transformation
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Author : Peter Finlay James
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1965
Precipitates In Diamond And The Diamond To Graphite Transformation written by Peter Finlay James and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1965 with categories.
Phase Transformations Of Elements Under High Pressure
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Author : E. Yu Tonkov
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2018-10-08
Phase Transformations Of Elements Under High Pressure written by E. Yu Tonkov and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-10-08 with Science categories.
As laboratories replace heavy hydraulic presses and bulky high-pressure chambers with miniature diamond anvils, traditional heaters with laser heating, and continue to improve methods of shock compression, there has been considerable new data obtained from the high-pressure, high-temperature modification of pure elements. The dense metallic modification of elements shows the potential for achieving superconductivity akin to theoretical predictions. Phase Transformations of Elements Under High Pressure contains the latest theoretical and experimental information on nearly 100 elements, including first-and second-phase transitions, melting lines, crystal structures of stable and metastable phases, stability of polymorphic modifications, and other useful properties and data. It emphasizes features such as changes in the liquid state, amorphization, and metallization, and provides temperature-pressure diagrams for every element. The book also describes the transitions of polymeric forms of fullerene, crystal modifications of elements stable under high pressures, and provides data that confirms their superconducting and magnetic properties. This handbook will be a lasting reference for scientists in a broad range of disciplines, including solid-state physics, chemistry, crystallography, mineralogy, and materials science.
The Physics Of Diamond
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Author : Società italiana di fisica
language : en
Publisher: IOS Press
Release Date : 1997
The Physics Of Diamond written by Società italiana di fisica and has been published by IOS Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Science categories.
Diamond is an extreme material among possible atomic aggregations in nature, and as such has many extreme properties. This unique position makes it a fascinating subject both for science and for applications. This has been particularly true in recent years, since the surprising discovery at Union Carbide (1953) of the possibility of chemical vapour deposition of diamond films at low pressures, where diamond is metastable with respect to graphite. This discovery cleared the way to the development of economical deposition techniques that have been obtaining progressively better-quality diamond, both pure and doped, in a controlled way and for a variety of applications. The remarkable properties and applications range from mechanical (the extreme hardness, tensile and compressive strength, wear performance) to thermal (the highest conductivity), optical (wide range of transparency), chemical (inertness to most chemicals), biological (biocompatibility) and electronic (high electronic carrier mobility, large band gap and dielectric breakdown strength, negative electron affinity), with the simultaneous presence of so many extraordinary qualities often resulting in added value for a given application.We are presently at a turning point in the development of diamond physics and applications. While some achievements can be considered well established, on the other hand, new opportunities and challenges are facing the scientific community, particularly with regard to novel exciting deposition processes and techniques or new properties and applications in electronics. This Enrico Fermi Course on "The Physics of Diamond" is particularly focused on the new developments and prospects, which may well constitute a reference point for a new generation of scientists at what may possibly be the beginning of a new age in diamond. The course attracted several of the most distinguished experts in the field as lecturers and an audience of almost as distinguished students and observers from 19 countries. Participation and discussions were lively to the very last day, ranging from traditional diamond physics to new diamond physics, and from well-known applications to the new exciting opportunities.The material in this volume is organized in the following way: the first part (13 lectures) is essentially devoted to growth and structure, the second part to properties and applications, with a closing lecture exploring new exotic diamonds in the distant future. The earlier lectures extensively cover the many processes of plasma chemical vapour deposition, including advanced contributions in theoretical modelling of these processes. Novel deposition mechanisms are considered: low-temperature CVD and laser-activated processes, including the so-called QQC experiments. This first part closes with a discussion of amorphous phases. In the second part, particular emphasis is placed on electronic properties and applications. This includes an extensive discussion of doping and, in addition, the promising perspectives of diamond as an electron emitter. Its newly discovered remarkable electron affinity properties lead to a new dimension in research and development, of great strategical importance for an increasing role of diamond in electronics.
The Shock Induced Transformation Of Graphite To Diamond
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Author : D. G. Morris
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1979
The Shock Induced Transformation Of Graphite To Diamond written by D. G. Morris and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1979 with categories.
Carbon Materials For Advanced Technologies
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Author : T.D. Burchell
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 1999-07-22
Carbon Materials For Advanced Technologies written by T.D. Burchell and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-07-22 with Science categories.
The inspiration for this book came from an American Carbon Society Workshop entitled "Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies" which was hosted by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1994. Chapter 1 contains a review of carbon materials, and emphasizes the structure and chemical bonding in the various forms of carbon, including the four allotropes diamond, graphite, carbynes, and the fullerenes. In addition, amorphous carbon and diamond films, carbon nanoparticles, and engineered carbons are discussed. The most recently discovered allotrope of carbon, i.e., the fullerenes, along with carbon nanotubes, are more fully discussed in Chapter 2, where their structure-property relations are reviewed in the context of advanced technologies for carbon based materials. The synthesis, structure, and properties of the fullerenes and nanotubes, and modification of the structure and properties through doping, are also reviewed. Potential applications of this new family of carbon materials are considered.The manufacture and applications of adsorbent carbon fibers are discussed in Chapter 3. The manufacture, structure and properties of high performance fibers are reviewed in Chapter 4, and the manufacture and properties of vapor grown fibers and their composites are reported in Chapter 5. The properties and applications of novel low density composites developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are reported in Chapter 6.Coal is an important source of energy and an abundant source of carbon. The production of engineering carbons and graphite from coal via a solvent extraction route is described in Chapter 7. Applications of activated carbons are discussed in Chapters 8-10, including their use in the automotive arena as evaporative loss emission traps (Chapter 8), and in vehicle natural gas storage tanks (Chapter 9). The application of activated carbons in adsorption heat pumps and refrigerators is discussed in Chapter 10. Chapter 11 reports the use of carbon materials in the fast growing consumer electronics application of lithium-ion batteries. The role of carbon materials in nuclear systems is discussed in Chapters 12 and 13, where fusion device and fission reactor applications, respectively, are reviewed. In Chapter 12 the major technological issues for the utilization of carbon as a plasma facing material are discussed in the context of current and future fusion tokamak devices.The essential design features of graphite moderated reactors, (including gas-, water- and molten salt-cooled systems) are reviewed in Chapter 13, and reactor environmental effects such as radiation damage and radiolytic corrosion are discussed. The fracture behaviour of graphite is discussed in qualitative and quantitative terms in Chapter 14. The applications of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics and Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics to graphite are reviewed and a study of the role of small flaws in nuclear graphites is reported.
Metasomatism And The Chemical Transformation Of Rock
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Author : Daniel Harlov
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-08-15
Metasomatism And The Chemical Transformation Of Rock written by Daniel Harlov and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-08-15 with Science categories.
Fluid-aided mass transfer and subsequent mineral re-equilibration are the two defining features of metasomatism and must be present in order for metamorphism to occur. Coupled with igneous and tectonic processes, metasomatism has played a major role in the formation of the Earth’s continental and oceanic crust and lithospheric mantle as well as in their evolution and subsequent stabilization. Metasomatic processes can include ore mineralization, metasomatically induced alteration of oceanic lithosphere, mass transport in and alteration of subducted oceanic crust and overlying mantle wedge, which has subsequent implications regarding mass transport, fluid flow, and volatile storage in the lithospheric mantle overall, as well as both regional and localized crustal metamorphism. Metasomatic alteration of accessory minerals such as zircon or monazite can allow for the dating of metasomatic events as well as give additional information regarding the chemistry of the fluids responsible. Lastly present day movement of fluids in both the lithospheric mantle and deep to mid crust can be observed utilizing geophysical resources such as electrical resistivity and seismic data. Such observations help to further clarify the picture of actual metasomatic processes as inferred from basic petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical data. The goal of this volume is to bring together a diverse group of geologists, each of whose specialities and long range experience regarding one or more aspects of metasomatism during geologic processes, should allow them to contribute to a series of review chapters, which outline the basis of our current understanding of how metasomatism influences and helps to control both the evolution and stability of the crust and lithospheric mantle.
Carbon Allotropes Metal Complex Chemistry Properties And Applications
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Author : Boris Ildusovich Kharisov
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-01-02
Carbon Allotropes Metal Complex Chemistry Properties And Applications written by Boris Ildusovich Kharisov and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-01-02 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book provides a detailed description of metal-complex functionalized carbon allotrope forms, including classic (such as graphite), rare (such as M- or T-carbon), and nanoforms (such as carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, etc.). Filling a void in the nanotechnology literature, the book presents chapters generalizing the synthesis, structure, properties, and applications of all known carbon allotropes. Metal-complex composites of carbons are described, along with several examples of their preparation and characterization, soluble metal-complex carbon composites, cost-benefit data, metal complexes as precursors of carbon allotropes, and applications. A lab manual on the synthesis and characterization of carbon allotropes and their metal-complex composites is included. Provides a complete description of all carbon allotropes, both classic and rare, as well as carbon nanostructures and their metal-complex composites; Contains a laboratory manual of experiments on the synthesis and characterization of metal-complex carbon composites; Discusses applications in diverse fields, such as catalysis on supporting materials, water treatment, sensors, drug delivery, and devices.
Diamond Nanotechnology
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Author : James Sung
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2019-05-08
Diamond Nanotechnology written by James Sung and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-05-08 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book on nanodiamonds is the first of its kind. Nanodiamonds are indispensable for polishing industrial materials (e.g., computer hard drives and read heads) and advanced ceramics (e.g., silicon carbide and gem diamond). The book is valuable for those dealing with nanodiamonds as well as for those interested in a general education of nanosize materials.
Shock Induced Graphite To Diamond Transformation
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Author : Travis Jay Volz
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Shock Induced Graphite To Diamond Transformation written by Travis Jay Volz and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Diamonds categories.
Plane shock wave experiments were performed on graphite samples to examine the effects of initial crystal structure and microstructure on the shock-induced graphite to diamond phase transformation. Three graphite types, with a range of microstructures, were studied: as-deposited pyrolytic graphite (PG), ZYH-grade highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), and ZYB-grade HOPG. Three types of plate impact experiments were used to quantify the transformation processes and the high pressure phases achieved for each graphite type.Laser interferometry was used to measure shock speeds and transmitted wave profiles during shock compression. Transformation stresses, peak states, and transformation timescales were determined for each graphite type from these data. Wave transmission experiments showed that the ZYB and ZYH-grade HOPG have comparable wave structures above the ~22 GPa transformation stress. In PG, the phase transition occurs at ~46 GPa, more than double the HOPG transition stress. For all graphite types, regardless of microstructure, rapid transformations were observed and the peak states were consistent with the diamond response.Real-time in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were used to probe the crystal structures during shock compression below and above the phase transformation stress for each graphite type. Ambient XRD data showed significant differences between HOPG and PG: HOPG crystallites had a hexagonal graphite structure, whereas PG crystallites had a more disordered turbostratic carbon structure. Below their respective phase transformation stresses, XRD measurements on each graphite type showed compression mainly along the crystallite c-axis. Above the phase transformation stresses, XRD measurements on both HOPG types showed the unambiguous transformation to hexagonal diamond (HD); in contrast, XRD measurements on PG showed the formation of nanocrystalline cubic diamond (CD). Front-surface impact experiments were used to measure the sound speeds in the peak states for each graphite type and to establish the longitudinal moduli of the high pressure phases in the shocked state. The longitudinal moduli of the HD phases formed from HOPG were significantly larger than ambient elastic CD values showing that HD is stiffer than ambient CD. The longitudinal moduli of the CD phases formed from PG were consistent with or slightly lower than ambient CD values.
Diamond Genesis Mineralogy And Geochemistry
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Author : Karen Smit
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Release Date : 2023-05-03
Diamond Genesis Mineralogy And Geochemistry written by Karen Smit and has been published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-05-03 with Science categories.
Diamond is the record-setter in many mineralogical properties such as hardness, diffusivity, thermal conductivity, purity, and covalency of bonding. Similarly, diamond, as the premier gemstone of the mantle holds primacy for geological features such as age and depth of origin. Diamond was among the first crystalline structures to be solved by X-ray diffraction and the first materials measured for their Raman spectrum. At more than 80 billion USD in yearly commercial value, diamond sets the record for the most traded, valuable mineral on the planet. Despite its chemical simplicity, diamond has been the object of more research effort, and had more scientific and popular press pages written about it, than any other mineral.