Quantification And The Quest For Medical Certainty

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Quantification And The Quest For Medical Certainty

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Author : J. Rosser Mathews
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2021-09-14

Quantification And The Quest For Medical Certainty written by J. Rosser Mathews and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-09-14 with Science categories.

Since its inception in World War II, the clinical trial has evolved into a standard procedure in determining therapeutic efficacy in many Western industrial democracies. Its features include a "control" group of patients that do not receive the experimental treatment, the random allocation of patients to either the experimental or control group, and the use of blind assessment so that the researchers do not know which patients are in either group. Even though it has been only within the past generation that the clinical trial has moved to the forefront of medical research, comparative statistics in a therapeutic context has a much longer history. From that history J. Rosser Matthews chooses to discuss three crucial debates: that among clinicians before the Parisian Academy of Medicine in 1837, the debate in the German physiological literature during the 1850s, and, in the early twentieth century, the debate over the bacteriologist's diagnostic technique involving the "opsonic index." Matthews demonstrates that despite the very real differences separating clinician, physiologist, and bacteriologist, they all shared an antipathy toward the methods of the statistician. Since they viewed medical judgment as a form of "tacit knowledge," they downplayed the concerns of the medical statistician who was attempting to make medical inference into something explicit and quantitative. Only when "medical decision-making" moved from the cloistered confines of professional medical expertise into the arena of open political debate could the medical statistician (and the clinical trial) gain the upper hand.

Quantification And The Quest For Medical Certainty

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Author : J Rosser Matthews
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995-01-01

Quantification And The Quest For Medical Certainty written by J Rosser Matthews and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995-01-01 with categories.

Since its inception in World War II, the clinical trial has evolved into a standard procedure in determining therapeutic efficacy in many Western industrial democracies. Its features include a "control" group of patients that do not receive the experimental treatment, the random allocation of patients to either the experimental or control group, and the use of blind assessment so that the researchers do not know which patients are in either group. Even though it has been only within the past generation that the clinical trial has moved to the forefront of medical research, comparative statistics in a therapeutic context has a much longer history. From that history J. Rosser Matthews chooses to discuss three crucial debates: that among clinicians before the Parisian Academy of Medicine in 1837, the debate in the German physiological literature during the 1850s, and, in the early twentieth century, the debate over the bacteriologist's diagnostic technique involving the "opsonic index."Matthews demonstrates that despite the very real differences separating clinician, physiologist, and bacteriologist, they all shared an antipathy toward the methods of the statistician. Since they viewed medical judgment as a form of "tacit knowledge, " they downplayed the concerns of the medical statistician who was attempting to make medical inference into something explicit and quantitative. Only when "medical decision-making" moved from the cloistered confines of professional medical expertise into the arena of open political debate could the medical statistician (and the clinical trial) gain the upper hand.

The Risks Of Medical Innovation

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Author : Thomas Schlich
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2006

The Risks Of Medical Innovation written by Thomas Schlich and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Biomedical Technology categories.

Presenting a new way of thinking about the risks of medical innovation, this volume considers the issues from a social historical perspective, and studies specific cases in their respective contexts.

Demanding Medical Excellence

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Author : Michael L. Millenson
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 1999

Demanding Medical Excellence written by Michael L. Millenson and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Health & Fitness categories.

A three-time Pulitzer Prize nominee as a health-care reporter for the "Chicago Tribune" illustrates serious flaws in contemporary medical practice and shows ways to improve care and save tens of thousands of lives.

Intuition In Medicine

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Author : Hillel D. Braude
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 2012-05-22

Intuition In Medicine written by Hillel D. Braude and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-05-22 with Medical categories.

Intuition is central to discussions about the nature of scientific and philosophical reasoning and what it means to be human. In this bold and timely book, Hillel D. Braude marshals his dual training as a physician and philosopher to examine the place of intuition in medicine. Rather than defining and using a single concept of intuition—philosophical, practical, or neuroscientific—Braude here examines intuition as it occurs at different levels and in different contexts of clinical reasoning. He argues that not only does intuition provide the bridge between medical reasoning and moral reasoning, but that it also links the epistemological, ontological, and ethical foundations of clinical decision making. In presenting his case, Braude takes readers on a journey through Aristotle’s Ethics—highlighting the significance of practical reasoning in relation to theoretical reasoning and the potential bridge between them—then through current debates between regulators and clinicians on evidence-based medicine, and finally applies the philosophical perspectives of Reichenbach, Popper, and Peirce to analyze the intuitive support for clinical equipoise, a key concept in research ethics. Through his phenomenological study of intuition Braude aims to demonstrate that ethical responsibility for the other lies at the heart of clinical judgment. Braude’s original approach advances medical ethics by using philosophical rigor and history to analyze the tacit underpinnings of clinical reasoning and to introduce clear conceptual distinctions that simultaneously affirm and exacerbate the tension between ethical theory and practice. His study will be welcomed not only by philosophers but also by clinicians eager to justify how they use moral intuitions, and anyone interested in medical decision making.

Wrestling With Nature

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Author : Peter Harrison
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 2011-05-01

Wrestling With Nature written by Peter Harrison and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-05-01 with Science categories.

When and where did science begin? Historians have offered different answers to these questions, some pointing to Babylonian observational astronomy, some to the speculations of natural philosophers of ancient Greece. Others have opted for early modern Europe, which saw the triumph of Copernicanism and the birth of experimental science, while yet another view is that the appearance of science was postponed until the nineteenth century. Rather than posit a modern definition of science and search for evidence of it in the past, the contributors to Wrestling with Nature examine how students of nature themselves, in various cultures and periods of history, have understood and represented their work. The aim of each chapter is to explain the content, goals, methods, practices, and institutions associated with the investigation of nature and to articulate the strengths, limitations, and boundaries of these efforts from the perspective of the researchers themselves. With contributions from experts representing different historical periods and different disciplinary specializations, this volume offers a fresh perspective on the history of science and on what it meant, in other times and places, to wrestle with nature.

Observation And Experiment

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Author : Paul R. Rosenbaum
language : en
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Release Date : 2017-08-14

Observation And Experiment written by Paul R. Rosenbaum and has been published by Harvard University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-08-14 with Mathematics categories.

In the face of conflicting claims about some treatments, behaviors, and policies, the question arises: What is the most scientifically rigorous way to draw conclusions about cause and effect in the study of humans? In this introduction to causal inference, Paul Rosenbaum explains key concepts and methods through real-world examples.

A Doctor S Order The Dutch Case Of Evidence Based Medicine 1970 2015

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Author : Timo Bolt
language : en
Publisher: Maklu
Release Date : 2015-08-28

A Doctor S Order The Dutch Case Of Evidence Based Medicine 1970 2015 written by Timo Bolt and has been published by Maklu this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-08-28 with Medical categories.

In the early 1990s, a new concept was coined: ‘evidence-based medicine’ (EBM). After a remarkably short time, EBM was virtually all-pervasive in medicine and healthcare throughout the world. Even outside the domain of healthcare, the new concept became fashionable, for example in the shape of (pleas for) ‘evidence-based management’ and ‘evidence-based policy’. In short, ‘evidence-based’ developed into one of the mantras of the current era. This book uses history as a tool to gain insight into the highly influential, but also elusive and multifaceted phenomenon of EBM. As such, A Doctor’s Order is a ‘must read’ for patients, professionals, managers and policy makers in healthcare as well as for anyone who is interested in understanding the present socio-political order.

Normality

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Author : Peter Cryle
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 2017-12-01

Normality written by Peter Cryle and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-12-01 with History categories.

The concept of normal is so familiar that it can be hard to imagine contemporary life without it. Yet the term entered everyday speech only in the mid-twentieth century. Before that, it was solely a scientific term used primarily in medicine to refer to a general state of health and the orderly function of organs. But beginning in the middle of the twentieth century, normal broke out of scientific usage, becoming less precise and coming to mean a balanced condition to be maintained and an ideal to be achieved. In Normality, Peter Cryle and Elizabeth Stephens offer an intellectual and cultural history of what it means to be normal. They explore the history of how communities settle on any one definition of the norm, along the way analyzing a fascinating series of case studies in fields as remote as anatomy, statistics, criminal anthropology, sociology, and eugenics. Cryle and Stephens argue that since the idea of normality is so central to contemporary disability, gender, race, and sexuality studies, scholars in these fields must first have a better understanding of the context for normality. This pioneering book moves beyond binaries to explore for the first time what it does—and doesn’t—mean to be normal.

Nonlinear Dynamics Of Parkinson S Disease And The Basal Ganglia Thalamic Cortical System

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Author : Erwin B. Montgomery Jr.
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2023-06-20

Nonlinear Dynamics Of Parkinson S Disease And The Basal Ganglia Thalamic Cortical System written by Erwin B. Montgomery Jr. and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-06-20 with Medical categories.

Nonlinear Dynamics of Parkinson’s Disease and the Basal Ganglia-Thalamic-Cortical System examines current research regarding the operations of the basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical system that causes neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease. While there have been remarkable advances in the understanding of the anatomy, physiology and chemistry of these systems, there remains a significant degree of inconsistency and incompleteness between facts and advancements. This book introduces the novel concepts of nonlinear complex systems and their connection to Parkinsonism as well as hyperkinetic disorders. The actual mechanisms underlying the motor disorders of Parkinson’s disease at the level of the lower motor neuron are also discussed. Outlines phenomenological selectivity of pallidotomy and Deep Brain Stimulation Reviews the anatomical models of pathophysiology and physiology Discusses the instrumental and analytical misrepresentations and the inferences that misrepresent the data in Nonmonotonic Nonlinear Dynamics