Setting Priorities For Drinking Water Contaminants
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Setting Priorities For Drinking Water Contaminants
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 1999-01-02
Setting Priorities For Drinking Water Contaminants written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-01-02 with Nature categories.
The provision of safe drinking water has been an important factor in the improvement of the health status of U.S. communities since the turn of the last century. Nonetheless, outbreaks of waterborne disease and incidences of chemical contamination of drinking water continue to occur. Setting Priorities for Drinking Water Contaminants recommends a new process for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to use in deciding which potential drinking water contaminants should be regulated in public water supplies to provide the greatest protection against waterborne illnesses. The book covers chemical and microbiological contaminants and includes a historical review of past approaches to setting priorities for drinking water contaminants and other environmental pollutants. It emphasizes the need for expert judgment in this process and for a conservative approach that considers public health protection as the first priority.
Strategy For Water Quality Standards And Criteria
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Strategy For Water Quality Standards And Criteria written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Environmental monitoring categories.
Chemical Safety Of Drinking Water
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Author : Terrence Thompson
language : en
Publisher: WHO
Release Date : 2007
Chemical Safety Of Drinking Water written by Terrence Thompson and has been published by WHO this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Medical categories.
Contamination of drinking-water is a significant concern for public health throughout the world. Microbial hazards make the largest contribution to waterborne disease in developed and developing countries. Nevertheless, chemicals in water supplies can cause serious health problems--whether the chemicals are naturally occurring or derive from sources of pollution. At a global scale, fluoride and arsenic are the most significant chemicals, each affecting perhaps millions of people. However, many other chemicals can be important contaminants of drinking-water under specific local conditions. Often, identification and assessment of risks to health from drinking-water relies excessively on analysis of water samples. The limitations of this approach are well recognized, and contributed to the delay in recognizing arsenic in drinking-water as a significant health concern in Bangladesh and elsewhere. To overcome such limitations, the latest edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (WHO, 2004; WHO,2006) emphasizes effective preventive management through a 'framework for drinking-water safety' that incorporates 'water safety plans.' Effective preventive management of chemicals in drinking-water requires simple tools for distinguishing the few chemicals of potential local or national concern from the unmanageably long list of chemicals of possible significance. The aim is to identify and prioritize the chemicals of concern, to overcome the limitations of direct analysis of water quality, and ensure that limited resources are allocated towards the monitoring, assessment and control of the chemicals that pose the greatest health risks. Identifying and prioritizing chemical risks presents a challenge, especially in developing countries, because information on the presence of chemicals in water supplies is often lacking. This document provides guidance to help readers to meet that challenge. It shows how information on aspects such as geology and industrial and agricultural development, which is often readily available, can be used to identify potential chemical contaminants (and potential sources of chemicals), from catchment to consumer, and thus prioritize risks. As a supporting document to the Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (WHO, 2004; WHO, 2006), this publication is aimed at policy-makers, regulators, managers and public health practitioners at national and local level. It is divided into three parts: Part A provides general guidance on using limited information in prioritizing chemicals in drinking-water for risk management. The need for such guidance is outlined in Chapter 1,which also describes the administrative and policy context. Chapter 2 describes the principles applied in prioritizing chemicals, provides information on some factors that affect chemical concentrations along pathways, and highlights several specific chemicals that are frequently considered priorities because of their widespread occurrence or significant health effects. Chapter 3 discusses the role of drinking-water standards and guidelines, and provides an overview of contemporary water quality management procedures. Part B provides practical guidance on identifying specific chemicals that are likely to be of concern in individual water supply systems. It groups chemical contaminants into five categories on the basis of their potential sources: naturally occurring, from agriculture activities, from human settlements, from industrial activities, and from water treatment and distribution processes themselves. Part C comprises the appendices. It includes guidance on the most likely sources of potential contaminants and on identifying chemicals that could be of concern in particular circumstances. The appendices address potential sources of chemicals considered in the WHO drinking-water guidelines (WHO, 2004; WHO, 2006), chemicals potentially discharged in effluents from industrial sources, and the association of pesticides with crops and crop types. This information is presented in an accessible format that will help users to determine the chemical hazards that can arise in the catchment, in treatment and in distribution, in large, medium and small water supplies. Many experts worldwide contributed to this work over a period of several years, beginning with the 1st Meeting of Experts on Monitoring Chemicals in Drinking Water, held in Bangkok, Thailand, in January 2001. This was followed by the 2nd Meeting of Experts on Monitoring Chemicals in Drinking Water, also held in Bangkok, in December 2001. Both meetings were sponsored by WHO and hosted by the Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. The draft guidance document was subsequently tested in a series of field trials in 2002-2003 in Indonesia, Fiji, Nepal, Mongolia, the Philippines and Thailand. Lessons learnt through the field trials provided feedback that was valuable in revising and finalizing the document. Readers should note that while this publication has been developed as a supporting document for, and with reference to, the Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, the guidelines themselves are frequently updated and the latest information should always be sought by reference to relevant World Health Organization publications and web site. (http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/guidelines/en/index.html).
Classifying Drinking Water Contaminants For Regulatory Consideration
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2001-09-01
Classifying Drinking Water Contaminants For Regulatory Consideration written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-09-01 with Nature categories.
Americans drink many gallons of tap water every day, but many of them question the safety of tap water every day as well. In fact, devices have been created to filter tap water directly before reaching cups. It's true; however, that the provision and management of safe drinking water throughout the United States have seen triumphs in public health since the beginning of the 20th century. Although, advances in water treatment, source water protection efforts, and the presence of local, state, and federal regulatory protection have developed over the years, water in the United States still contain chemical, microbiological, and other types of contaminants at detectable and at times harmful levels. This in addition to the growth of microbial pathogens that can resist traditional water treatment practices have led to the question: Where and how should the U.S. government focus its attention and limited resources to ensure safe drinking water supplies for the future? To deal with these issues the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amendments of 1996 Safe included a request that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) publish a list of unregulated chemical and microbial contaminants and contaminant groups every five years that are or could pose risks in the drinking water of public water systems. The first list, called the Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List (CCL), was published in March 1998. The main function of the CCL is to provide the basis for deciding whether to regulate at least five new contaminants from the CCL every five years. However, since additional research and monitoring need to be conducted for most of the contaminants on the 1998 CCL, the list is also used to prioritize these related activities. Classifying Drinking Water Contaminants for Regulatory Consideration is the third report by the Committee on Dinking Water Contaminants with the purpose of providing advice regarding the setting of priorities among drinking water contaminants in order to identify those contaminants that pose the greatest threats to public health. The committee is comprised of 14 volunteer experts in water treatment engineering, toxicology, public health, epidemiology, water and analytical chemistry, risk assessment, risk communication, public water system operations, and microbiology and is jointly overseen by the National Research Council's (NRC'S) Water Science and Technology Board and Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. In this report the committee needed to readdress its second report as well as explore the feasibility of developing and using mechanisms for identifying emerging microbial pathogens for research and regulatory activities. The promotion of public health remains the guiding principle of the committee's recommendations and conclusions in this report.
Drinking Water
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Author : United States. General Accounting Office
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1992
Drinking Water written by United States. General Accounting Office and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Drinking water categories.
Drinking Water Program Redirection Proposal
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Drinking Water Program Redirection Proposal written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Drinking water categories.
Strategy For Water Quality Standards And Criteria
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Author : United States Environmental Protection Agency
language : en
Publisher: CreateSpace
Release Date : 2015-01-13
Strategy For Water Quality Standards And Criteria written by United States Environmental Protection Agency and has been published by CreateSpace this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-01-13 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Water quality standards and criteria are the regulatory and scientific foundation of programs established under the Clean Water Act to protect the Nation's waters. As such, they are among the most critical clean water programs. Due to the many new demands on the program, and since the nature of water pollution problems and required solutions have changed dramatically in recent years, water quality standards and criteria need to be made a high priority and given a renewed focus. The water quality standards and criteria program needs clear priorities to address these critical demands. This strategy is the product of a wide-ranging review of the existing water quality standards and criteria program within the context of all clean water programs. The review covered clean water goals, mandates and authorities; EPA's current strategic goals for clean water and other strategic planning efforts; and major needs of the current EPA standards and criteria program and key programs linked to it including water quality monitoring, total maximum daily loads (TMDLs), National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits, nonpoint source programs, oceans and wetlands programs, and source water protection. The review considered the results of more than 50 listening sessions with over 350 people during April-September 2001 and recent recommendations from the National Research Council, the General Accounting Office, and EPA's Inspector General. States support this long-term vision and look to EPA to help fulfill it, beginning with the priority strategic actions contained in this strategy. These actions in the strategy are designed to address the following strategic themes: Filling major program gaps to achieve critical environmental results. For example, the water quality standards and criteria program needs to help states strengthen water quality criteria for three pollutants (sedimentation, pathogens, and nutrients) that are responsible for an estimated 40 percent of water quality impairments nationally; Strengthening and maintaining the scientific foundation of water quality programs, including targeting criteria development for specific pollutants of highest importance; Clarifying for states how to implement key scientific and technical components of standards and criteria when regulating discharges; Establishing important technical and policy linkages between the water quality standards and criteria program and other programs such as those that protect drinking water; Broadening participation in the water quality standards and criteria program with states and other stakeholders. The strategy describes and sets milestones for the ten strategic actions of highest priority for addressing these findings.
Guidelines For Drinking Water Quality
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Author : World Health Organization
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 1993
Guidelines For Drinking Water Quality written by World Health Organization and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Medical categories.
This volume describes the methods used in the surveillance of drinking water quality in the light of the special problems of small-community supplies, particularly in developing countries, and outlines the strategies necessary to ensure that surveillance is effective.
Setting Priorities Getting Results
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Author : National Academy of Public Administration
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Setting Priorities Getting Results written by National Academy of Public Administration and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Administrative agencies categories.
Protecting Groundwater For Health
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Author : World Health Organization
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2006
Protecting Groundwater For Health written by World Health Organization and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Medical categories.
This publication provides a structured approach to analyzing hazards to groundwater quality, assessing the risk they may cause for a specific supply, setting priorities in addressing these, and developing management strategies for their control. This book summarizes which pathogens and chemicals are relevant to human health, how they are transported, reduced, removed or retarded; provides practical guidance on characterizing the drinking-water catchment area and assessing potential health hazards; provides guidance on prioritising both hazards and management responses; presents key information on potential management actions and explains their integration into a comprehensive Water Safety Plan from catchment to consumer; and describes policy, land-use planning and implementation of pollution prevention, groundwater, with overviews of specific management approaches applicable to agriculture, sanitation, industry, mining, military sites, waste disposal and traffic.--Publisher's description.