Strategies For Promoting Axon Regeneration And Functional Recovery In The Nervous System
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Strategies For Promoting Axon Regeneration And Functional Recovery In The Nervous System
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Author : Ngan Pan Au
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Strategies For Promoting Axon Regeneration And Functional Recovery In The Nervous System written by Ngan Pan Au and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Medical sciences categories.
Therapeutic Strategies Aimed To Facilitate Axonal Regeneration And Functional Recovery Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
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Author : Woon Nam Chow
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Therapeutic Strategies Aimed To Facilitate Axonal Regeneration And Functional Recovery Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury written by Woon Nam Chow and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a physically debilitating, emotionally devastating, financially costly, and life-changing condition that afflicts more than 1,000,000 people in the United States alone. Owing to the characteristic neuropathology and low regenerative capacity of the central nervous system, many victims of SCI are left permanently paralyzed. Though the tissue damage caused by the initial insult almost certainly cannot be reversed, intensive research in recent years to elucidate the cellular and molecular events that follows has provided new grounds for optimism. Accordingly, in this dissertation, we present a number of potential treatment strategies aimed to address some of these pathological sequelae seen post-SCI so as to facilitate the regeneration of axons and the recovery of physiological functions. After the initial traumatic insult, a prominent and lasting injury-induced proliferative response occur and results in the development of a gliotic scar that isolates the lesion from the surrounding viable tissue. Although this process aids to prevent the spread of uncontrolled tissue damage, the scar nevertheless acts as a physical barrier to axonal regeneration. Furthermore, cells within the scar are a major source of axon growth-inhibitory molecules such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) and thus the scar acts concomitantly as a biochemical barrier. Concurrent to all this, inflammatory cells infiltrate the lesion and promote cell death through immunologic activation. Neuronal survival is also threatened from the lack of neurotrophic support caused by axonal severance. Finally, the pathology culminates in the formation of a fluid-filled cyst, which represents a gap that further hinders axonal regrowth. Since regeneration cannot physically occur in the presence of a cavity, we, by employing electrospinning techniques, generated a biocompatible matrix implant that can bridge and direct axonal elongation across the fluid-filled cyst. Given the complex array and scope of pathological sequelae post-SCI, it is generally recognized that a multifaceted approach is required to successfully treat SCI. In view of this, we presented novel approaches by which successful tried and true therapeutic strategies are combined to generate an enhanced matrix. An enzyme as well as a growth factor was incorporated into our matrix implants in order to respectively neutralize CSPGs and provide neurotrophic support. Using in vitro assays, we were able to demonstrate excellent protein bioactivity after incorporation. In vivo experimentation of these enhanced matrices is now ongoing. To address the injury-induced proliferative response, which represents an on-ramp off-ramp obstacle that prevents axonal regeneration onto our matrix implant, we showed how X-irradiation can be utilized to moderate this response by killing dividing cells so as to facilitate a more efficient penetration of regrowing axons into and beyond the gliotic scar. Finally, we demonstrate how a novel pharmacologic agent FTY720 can be used to attenuate the inflammatory response by preventing lymphocytic egress from lymphoid tissues. Collectively, these ideas and experimental results represent novel therapeutic strategies that can be combined in order to bring about meaningful functional recovery after SCI.
Axon Growth And Regeneration
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Author : Andrew J. Murray
language : en
Publisher: Humana Press
Release Date : 2014-05-17
Axon Growth And Regeneration written by Andrew J. Murray and has been published by Humana Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-05-17 with Medical categories.
Axon Growth and Regeneration: Methods and Protocols brings together a diverse set of techniques for the study of the mechanisms underlying central nervous system axon growth, consequently providing a resource that will aid in the development of repair strategies. After an introductory section, this detailed volume continues with sections focusing on axon growth in vitro, providing a range of protocols that can be used to examine intracellular signalling pathways, axonal responses to extracellular factors and methods for quantifying outgrowth. The next section provides protocols for inducing experimental injury in vivo as well as some highly promising protocols for promoting regeneration, which segues into the final section highlighting a series of protocols that can be used to monitor the extent of axon regeneration in vivo, ranging from tract tracing to in vivo imaging and functional recovery. As a book in the Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters contain introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Practical and reliable, Axon Growth and Regeneration: Methods and Protocols aims to serve researchers studying axon regeneration with a significant set of diverse tools, vital for moving on to the next generation of exciting new discoveries in the field.
Indwelling Neural Implants
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Author : William M. Reichert
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2007-12-17
Indwelling Neural Implants written by William M. Reichert and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-12-17 with Medical categories.
Despite enormous advances made in the development of external effector prosthetics over the last quarter century, significant questions remain, especially those concerning signal degradation that occurs with chronically implanted neuroelectrodes. Offering contributions from pioneering researchers in neuroprosthetics and tissue repair, Indwel
Neural Regeneration
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Author : Kwok Fai So
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2015-02-03
Neural Regeneration written by Kwok Fai So and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-02-03 with Science categories.
Neural Regeneration provides an overview of cutting-edge knowledge on a broad spectrum of neural regeneration, including: Neural regeneration in lower vertebrates Neural regeneration in the peripheral nervous system Neural regeneration in the central nervous system Transplantation-mediated neural regeneration Clinical and translational research on neural regeneration The contributors to this book are experts in their fields and work at distinguished institutions in the United States, Canada, Australia, and China. Nervous system injuries, including peripheral nerve injuries, brain and spinal cord injuries, and stroke affect millions of people worldwide every year. As a result of this high incidence of neurological injuries, neural regeneration and repair is becoming a rapidly growing field dedicated to the new discoveries to promote structural and functional recoveries based on neural regeneration. The ultimate goal is to translate the most optimal regenerative strategies to treatments of human nervous system injuries. This valuable reference book is useful for students, postdoctors, and basic and clinical scientists who are interested in neural regeneration research. Provides an overview of cutting-edge knowledge on a broad spectrum of neural regeneration Highly translational and clinically-relevance International authors who are leaders in their respective fields Vivid art work making the chapters easily understood
Axon Regeneration
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Author : Ava J. Udvadia
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2023-03-07
Axon Regeneration written by Ava J. Udvadia and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-03-07 with Medical categories.
This volume covers a wide range of approaches utilized to decipher cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to successful nerve regeneration leading to functional recovery. Chapters detail a variety of models utilizing both in vivo and in vitro approaches, physical injury models, methods for the isolation/analysis of various macromolecules, live and fixed imaging of regenerating axons, and for quantifying behavioral endpoints enable measurements of regenerative success. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and methods, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Axon Regeneration: Methods and Protocols aims to be comprehensive guide for researchers.
How To Improve The Results Of Peripheral Nerve Surgery
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Author : Hanno Millesi
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2007-12-31
How To Improve The Results Of Peripheral Nerve Surgery written by Hanno Millesi and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-12-31 with Medical categories.
All over the world research is going on to improve the outcome of the treatment of peripheral nerve lesions. Yet, there exist many questions, such as: Is the autologeous nerve grafting still the golden standard in bridging defects? Have alternative techniques to overcome defects reached a level to replace autografting? What can be expected from end to side coaptation? The contributions in this book give answers to all of these questions.
Cns Regeneration
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Author : Mark H. Tuszynski
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 1998-10-27
Cns Regeneration written by Mark H. Tuszynski and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998-10-27 with Science categories.
CNS Regeneration focuses on some of the leading current neurological disease models and methods for promoting central nervous system regeneration. Editors and authors are experts in the field, with experience in basic as well as applied neuroscience. In a comprehensive, logical manner, the book unites important basic science advances in neuroscience with novel medical strategies. The first comprehensive, authoritative volume on the topic of CNS regeneration Reviews current therapeutic approaches Editors and authors are experts in the field Appeals to those interested in basic science as well as those concerned with its medical application
Development And Implementation Of Multi Cued Guidance Strategies For Axonal Regeneration
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Author : Aleesha Marie McCormick
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Development And Implementation Of Multi Cued Guidance Strategies For Axonal Regeneration written by Aleesha Marie McCormick and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Axons categories.
Millions of individuals are affected by nerve damage to either their central nervous system (brain, spinal cord and eyes) or their peripheral nervous system. Endogenous positive and negative biochemical cues are expressed during trauma, working in conjunction with one another, regenerating tissue and protecting the body from further damage. However, because of the inherent nature of the nervous system, these mechanisms are typically skewed toward deleterious results and functional recovery is limited or unlikely to occur. Additionally, topographical features and electrical signals aid in nervous system patterning, and they could therefore be beneficial in axonal regeneration as well. The goal of this dissertation project is to develop initial axon guidance models to serve as a platform for neural regenerative strategies. The major component of this research is the development of an immobilization scheme where guidance proteins, notably nerve growth factor (NGF) and semaphorin3A (Sema3A), are synthesized and immobilized to a chitosan biomaterial film in order to evaluate axon and growth cone responses. Characteristic axon outgrowth responses were seen for single protein cues, attraction toward immobilized NGF sources and inhibition and axon turning away from immobilized Sema3A sources. These responses were not seen when proteins were adsorbed to the chitosan substrate. These axonal results showed the validity of the immobilization platform, which was further examined by tethering NGF and Sema3A in the same region in order to fine-tune axon guidance. Axons were more sensitive to lower concentrations of Sema3A signals compared to NGF, when these proteins were co-immobilized, as noted by axon turning and breakdown of axonal cytoskeletal structure. Another axon guidance model was formed through topographical contact guidance of micropatterned channels on coumarin polyester films. These features were able to align processes of central nervous system neurons and glia parallel to the microchannel and plateau features. The polarity resulting from the topographical features is important for initiating axon guidance. Finally, an optic nerve crush (ONC) model was designed in vivo in order to examine retinal ganglion cell (RGC) regeneration when exposed to soluble and immobilized NGF. Analysis of anterograde neuronal tracing and astrocyte infiltration revealed a crush injury was successfully created. Behavioral analysis showed an increase in visual acuity after ONC surgeries, but a better baseline needs to be established in order for a link to be made between enhanced depth perception and applied treatment. Further quantification of optic nerve tissue is needed to reveal if there were any differences in RGC regeneration between groups by means of cholera toxin B (CTB) labeling and RGC responsiveness in the form of NGF receptors. This information will direct us to understand if RGC were capable of receiving survival and regenerative instructions for NGF treatments after ONC. Overall these axon guidance platforms can be tailored toward future injury models in vitro and in vivo where axons need multiple cues for enhanced but controlled pathfinding.
Axonal Regeneration In The Central Nervous System
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Author : Nicholas A Ingoglia
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2000-09-29
Axonal Regeneration In The Central Nervous System written by Nicholas A Ingoglia and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000-09-29 with Medical categories.
Summarizing a review of research into factors that regulate, stimulate, and prevent regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS), this comprehensive reference progresses further into answering and resolving neuron capacity for axon regeneration in the mammalian CNS. Axonal Regeneration in the Central Nervous System analyzes axonal regeneration, reinnervation, and functional recovery in lower vertebrates examines the correlation between developmental age and the ability to regenerate considers mammalian neuron responses at the cell body, site of injury, and in the distal nerve, including apoptic cell death, and inflammatory and glial responses to injury reviews genomic responses to axotomy with a comparative description of transcribed genes from successfully regenerating neurons and neurons incapable of regrowth discusses how growing axons may induce the expression of genes in glia/Schwann cells following axotomy and regeneration describes the use of gene therapy to deliver trophic and survival factors to injured neurons explores the hospitable environments of the peripheral nerve, olfactory ensheathing cells, and fetal cell transplants for regeneration discusses results from applications of fetal CNS tissue to human spinal cord injuries and much more!