The Gastrointestinal Circulation
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The Gastrointestinal Circulation
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Author : Peter R. Kvietys
language : en
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Release Date : 2010
The Gastrointestinal Circulation written by Peter R. Kvietys and has been published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Medical categories.
The microcirculation of the gastrointestinal tract is under the control of both myogenic and metabolic regulatory systems. The myogenic mechanism contributes to basal vascular tone and the regulation of transmural pressure, while the metabolic mechanism is responsible for maintaining an appropriate balance between O2 demand and O2 delivery. In the postprandial state, hydrolytic products of food digestion elicit a hyperemia, which serves to meet the increased O2 demand of nutrient assimilation. Metabolically linked factors (e.g., tissue pO2, adenosine) are primarily responsible for this functional hyperemia. The fenestrated capillaries of the gastrointestinal mucosa are relatively permeable to small hydrolytic products of food digestion (e.g., glucose), yet restrict the transcapillary movement of larger molecules (e.g., albumin). This allows for the absorption of hydrolytic products of food digestion without compromising the oncotic pressure gradient governing transcapillary fluid movement and edema formation. The gastrointestinal microcirculation is also an important component of the mucosal defense system whose function is to prevent (and rapidly repair) inadvertent epithelial injury by potentially noxious constituents of chyme. Two pathological conditions in which the gastrointestinal circulation plays an important role are ischemia/reperfusion and chronic portal hypertension. Ischemia/reperfusion results in mucosal edema and disruption of the epithelium due, in part, to an inflammatory response (e.g., increase in capillary permeability to macromolecules and neutrophil infiltration). Chronic portal hypertension results in an increase in gastrointestinal blood flow due to an imbalance in vasodilator and vasoconstrictor influences on the microcirculation. Table of Contents: Introduction / Anatomy / Regulation of Vascular Tone and Oxygenation / Extrinsic Vasoregulation: Neural and Humoral / Postprandial Hyperemia / Transcapillary Solute Exchange / Transcapillary Fluid Exchange / Interaction of Capillary and Interstitial Forces / Gastrointestinal Circulation and Mucosal Defense / Gastrointestinal Circulation and Mucosal Pathology I: Ischemia/Reperfusion / Gastrointestinal Circulation and Mucosal Pathology II: Chronic Portal Hypertension / Summary and Conclusions / References / Author Biography
Physiology Of The Intestinal Circulation
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Author : Albert P. Shepherd
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1984
Physiology Of The Intestinal Circulation written by Albert P. Shepherd and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1984 with Medical categories.
Handbook Of Physiology
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Author : Stanley G. Schultz
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 1989-08
Handbook Of Physiology written by Stanley G. Schultz and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989-08 with categories.
Since the publication of the first volume on gastrointestinal motility in the Handbook of Physiology (1968), there has been an impressive development of new information, new methods and new understanding of motility. These advances span all levels of organization from single smooth muscle cells and neurons to integrated organ function, and they are expertly documented by the authors of this edition. Parallel progress in understanding the vascular system and lymphatics of the alimentary canal over the past 20 years is reviewed in equal detail. Among the topics given authoritative coverage are the ultrastructure of gastrointestinal smooth muscle, the extracellular matrix, and the mechanical properties of the musculature; electrical and chemical behavior of gut neurons and the immunocytochemical localization of neurotransmitters; the unique pattern of motility in the interdigestive state; measurement of intraluminal pressures and electrical and contractile activity at all levels of the gastrointestinal tract; abnormalities associated with parasitic infections; enterotoxins, emesis and surgical perturbations that shed light on normal mechanisms; the basic structure and ultrastructure of the gut vasculature; regional hemodynamics and regulation of the digestive circulation; and neuromuscular transmission in the gut musculature and its neurohormonal control. Overall, the book provides an unparalleled view of gastrointestinal motor and circulatory function. It will be of great use to a wide spectrum of readers, including physiologists, gastroenterologists, graduate students, and postdoctoral fellows
Physiological Control Of The Developing Gastrointestinal Circulation
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Author : Wei Qi Fan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Physiological Control Of The Developing Gastrointestinal Circulation written by Wei Qi Fan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Enterocolitis, Neonatal necrotizing categories.
Handbook Of Physiology The Gastrointestinal System V 1 Pt 1 2 Motility And Circulation
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989
Handbook Of Physiology The Gastrointestinal System V 1 Pt 1 2 Motility And Circulation written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Physiology categories.
Gastrointestinal Mucosal Defense System
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Author : Peter R. Kvietys
language : en
Publisher: Biota Publishing
Release Date : 2014-11-01
Gastrointestinal Mucosal Defense System written by Peter R. Kvietys and has been published by Biota Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-11-01 with Medical categories.
The gastrointestinal mucosal defense system serves to minimize mucosal injury by either ingested or endogenously produced noxious substances. The mucosal defense system is stratified into pre-epithelial (alkaline mucus), epithelial (dynamic epithelial lining), and post-epithelial (microcirculation) components. The mucus lining the epithelial surface presents a diffusional barrier to ingested material (e.g., lipids) and also serves as an unstirred layer in which a pH gradient can be established to prevent acid-induced injury. The epithelial lining prevents entrance of any toxic material to the interstitium and, should it be damaged, it is rapidly resealed by migration of adjacent viable epithelial cells to cover the defect. Any acid or other material that has entered the interstitium is washed out by an intense neurogenic hyperemia. In general, the mucosal defense system is quite effective and any adverse gastrointestinal effects associated with the normal course of nutrient assimilation are minimal. However, there are two situations in which the mucosal defense system is known to be ineffective and result in gastric mucosal injury: inadvertent ingestion of H. pylori. or intentional ingestion of NSAIDs. H. pylori can penetrate the mucus layers and cause epithelial injury and inflammation, while at the same time preventing its clearance by the host immune system. NSAIDs weaken the mucus layer and cause epithelial cell injury. Table of Contents: Acknowledgments / Introduction / The Mucus Layer / Epithelial Lining / Gastrointestinal Circulation / Integration of Mucosal Defense / Mucosal Defense System: Physiologic / Mucosal Defense System: H. pylori / Mucosal Defense System: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) / Overall Summary and Conclusions / References / Author Biographies
Regulation Of Tissue Oxygenation Second Edition
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Author : Roland N. Pittman
language : en
Publisher: Biota Publishing
Release Date : 2016-08-18
Regulation Of Tissue Oxygenation Second Edition written by Roland N. Pittman and has been published by Biota Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-18 with Medical categories.
This presentation describes various aspects of the regulation of tissue oxygenation, including the roles of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and blood, the carrier of oxygen within these components of the cardiorespiratory system. The respiratory system takes oxygen from the atmosphere and transports it by diffusion from the air in the alveoli to the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries. The cardiovascular system then moves the oxygenated blood from the heart to the microcirculation of the various organs by convection, where oxygen is released from hemoglobin in the red blood cells and moves to the parenchymal cells of each tissue by diffusion. Oxygen that has diffused into cells is then utilized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of all cells. The mitochondria are able to produce ATP until the oxygen tension or PO2 on the cell surface falls to a critical level of about 4–5 mm Hg. Thus, in order to meet the energetic needs of cells, it is important to maintain a continuous supply of oxygen to the mitochondria at or above the critical PO2 . In order to accomplish this desired outcome, the cardiorespiratory system, including the blood, must be capable of regulation to ensure survival of all tissues under a wide range of circumstances. The purpose of this presentation is to provide basic information about the operation and regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as the properties of the blood and parenchymal cells, so that a fundamental understanding of the regulation of tissue oxygenation is achieved.
The Gastrointestinal System Motility And Circulation
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989
The Gastrointestinal System Motility And Circulation written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Gastrointestinal system categories.
Comprehensive Human Physiology
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Author : Rainer Greger
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-11
Comprehensive Human Physiology written by Rainer Greger and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-11 with Medical categories.
Comprehensive Human Physiology is a significantly important publication on physiology, presenting state-of-the-art knowledge about both the molecular mechanisms and the integrative regulation of body functions. This is the first time that such a broad range of perspectives on physiology have been combined to provide a unified overview of the field. This groundbreaking two-volume set reveals human physiology to be a highly dynamic science rooted in the ever-continuing process of learning more about life. Each chapter contains a wealth of original data, clear illustrations, and extensive references, making this a valuable and easy-to-use reference. This is the quintessential reference work in the fields of physiology and pathophysiology, essential reading for researchers, lecturers and advanced students.
Handbook Of Physiology
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Author : John R. Pappenheimer
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989
Handbook Of Physiology written by John R. Pappenheimer and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with categories.