The Labor Market Consequences Of Incarceration
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The Labor Market Consequences Of Incarceration
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Author : Bruce Western
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
The Labor Market Consequences Of Incarceration written by Bruce Western and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Convict labor categories.
Barriers To Reentry
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Author : Shawn D. Bushway
language : en
Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation
Release Date : 2007-06-14
Barriers To Reentry written by Shawn D. Bushway and has been published by Russell Sage Foundation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-06-14 with Social Science categories.
With the introduction of more aggressive policing, prosecution, and sentencing since the late 1970s, the number of Americans in prison has increased dramatically. While many have credited these "get tough" policies with lowering violent crime rates, we are only just beginning to understand the broader costs of mass incarceration. In Barriers to Reentry? experts on labor markets and the criminal justice system investigate how imprisonment affects ex-offenders' employment prospects, and how the challenge of finding work after prison affects the likelihood that they will break the law again and return to prison. The authors examine the intersection of imprisonment and employment from many vantage points, including employer surveys, interviews with former prisoners, and state data on prison employment programs and post-incarceration employment rates. Ex-prisoners face many obstacles to re-entering the job market—from employers' fears of negligent hiring lawsuits to the lost opportunities for acquiring work experience while incarcerated. In a study of former prisoners, Becky Pettit and Christopher Lyons find that employment among this group was actually higher immediately after their release than before they were incarcerated, but that over time their employment rate dropped to their pre-imprisonment levels. Exploring the demand side of the equation, Harry Holzer, Steven Raphael, and Michael Stoll report on their survey of employers in Los Angeles about the hiring of former criminals, in which they find strong evidence of pervasive hiring discrimination against ex-prisoners. Devah Pager finds similar evidence of employer discrimination in an experiment in which Milwaukee employers were presented with applications for otherwise comparable jobseekers, some of whom had criminal records and some of whom did not. Such findings are particularly troubling in light of research by Steven Raphael and David Weiman which shows that ex-criminals are more likely to violate parole if they are unemployed. In a concluding chapter, Bruce Western warns that prison is becoming the norm for too many inner-city minority males; by preventing access to the labor market, mass incarceration is exacerbating inequality. Western argues that, ultimately, the most successful policies are those that keep young men out of prison in the first place. Promoting social justice and reducing recidivism both demand greater efforts to reintegrate former prisoners into the workforce. Barriers to Reentry? cogently underscores one of the major social costs of incarceration, and builds a compelling case for rethinking the way our country rehabilitates criminals.
Prison Race And Space The Impact Of Incarceration On Career Trajectories And Labor Market Outcomes
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Prison Race And Space The Impact Of Incarceration On Career Trajectories And Labor Market Outcomes written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
There are a number of reasons to expect that incarceration will have long-term, negative consequences for economic/labor market success, and that the consequences may be especially acute for minority ex-offenders. This study replicates and extends Bruce Western's research on the impact of incarceration for wage mobility. I integrate Western's life course approach to examining the impact of incarceration with a discussion of stratification processes that produce inequality in employment and earnings outcomes. I hypothesize that incarceration results in career earnings penalties over and above those associated with foregone human capital accumulation. I suspect that incarceration contributes to a decline in earnings for minority ex-offenders. At the individual level, I replicate Western's research by estimating fixed-effects models to examine wages across the career trajectories of white, Latino and African American men from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for 1979-1998. When estimating these models, I test whether human capital accumulation that occurs inside or outside the labor market mediates the incarceration-earnings relationship. Furthermore, I examine how local labor market characteristics influence ex-offender career trajectories. I propose that prison records, race/ethnicity and spatial characteristics such as, violent crime rates, unemployment rates, minority concentration, and residential segregation influence the job prospects of workers within metropolitan areas. At the spatial level, I estimate random effects models to examine how local labor market characteristics shape the earnings trajectories of white, Latino and African American male ex-offenders. The individual level results supported the hypotheses that incarceration has a negative effect on earnings and that ex-offenders have lower earnings trajectories than non-offenders. This study did not replicate Western's finding that the earnings penalty experienced by those who had been incarce.
Male Incarceration And Female Labor Market Outcomes
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Author : Terry-Ann Craigie
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Male Incarceration And Female Labor Market Outcomes written by Terry-Ann Craigie and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
The prevalence of male incarceration in the United States has important unintended consequences for women. Two early studies find positive external effects of male incarceration on female labor market outcomes in general. However, we know very little about the labor market outcomes of women directly affected by male incarceration. This study evaluates how female labor market outcomes change when a male partner is currently incarcerated. It finds substantial and robust evidence that a male partner's current incarceration lowers female weekly earnings at extensive and intensive margins, while raising female unemployment odds at the extensive margin. These negative consequences on female labor market outcomes warrant further policy attention.
The Growth Of Incarceration In The United States
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Author : Committee on Causes and Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2014-12-31
The Growth Of Incarceration In The United States written by Committee on Causes and Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-12-31 with Law categories.
After decades of stability from the 1920s to the early 1970s, the rate of imprisonment in the United States has increased fivefold during the last four decades. The U.S. penal population of 2.2 million adults is by far the largest in the world. Just under one-quarter of the world's prisoners are held in American prisons. The U.S. rate of incarceration, with nearly 1 out of every 100 adults in prison or jail, is 5 to 10 times higher than the rates in Western Europe and other democracies. The U.S. prison population is largely drawn from the most disadvantaged part of the nation's population: mostly men under age 40, disproportionately minority, and poorly educated. Prisoners often carry additional deficits of drug and alcohol addictions, mental and physical illnesses, and lack of work preparation or experience. The growth of incarceration in the United States during four decades has prompted numerous critiques and a growing body of scientific knowledge about what prompted the rise and what its consequences have been for the people imprisoned, their families and communities, and for U.S. society. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States examines research and analysis of the dramatic rise of incarceration rates and its affects. This study makes the case that the United States has gone far past the point where the numbers of people in prison can be justified by social benefits and has reached a level where these high rates of incarceration themselves constitute a source of injustice and social harm. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States examines policy changes that created an increasingly punitive political climate and offers specific policy advice in sentencing policy, prison policy, and social policy. The report also identifies important research questions that must be answered to provide a firmer basis for policy. This report is a call for change in the way society views criminals, punishment, and prison. This landmark study assesses the evidence and its implications for public policy to inform an extensive and thoughtful public debate about and reconsideration of policies.
Incarceration Length Employment And Earnings
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Author : Jeffrey R. Kling
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Incarceration Length Employment And Earnings written by Jeffrey R. Kling and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Imprisonment categories.
This paper estimates effects of increases in incarceration length on employment and earnings prospects of individuals after their release from prison. I utilize a variety of research designs including controlling for observable factors and using instrumental variables for incarceration length based on randomly assigned judges with different sentencing propensities. The results show no consistent evidence of adverse labor market consequences of longer incarceration length using any of the analytical methods in either the state system in Florida or the federal system in California.
Prison Labor Capitalism Without Markets
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Author : Joseph Parampathu
language : en
Publisher: Center for a Stateless Society
Release Date : 2022-03-13
Prison Labor Capitalism Without Markets written by Joseph Parampathu and has been published by Center for a Stateless Society this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-03-13 with Business & Economics categories.
Prison labor remains a paradox in many ways. Simultaneously sparsely studied or recorded, and ubiquitous; derided by labor unions and free workers as unfair competition and lauded by businesses as the only way to insource labor at the globalized price point; rehabilitating prisoners through the virtue of work, while punishing them through that same work— prisons are in many ways the ultimate reflection of capitalism with the veneer of smiling faces removed. Prisoners work not to avoid starving or to have a place to sleep, but because it is a requirement of their existence. In the United States, all federal inmates must work, and those who refuse face severe penalties including being charged exorbitant sums to reimburse the government for the pleasure of being incarcerated. Prison labor remains anomalous to labor under traditional market forces, but exists within, and remains largely dominated by, the larger economies and politics that govern its existence. The prison is the final destination for the person-become-commodity that is the poor laborer. Those unable to afford the offramps to a prison sentence end up serving time and, once there, the institution of the prison attempts to keep them as an employee for life. The unsavory nature of prison labor as an economic force has relegated prison labor to only the most dangerous and unwanted jobs in existence, for wages far below market value, and insulated from any claims to benefits, time-off, or workplace safety protocols. Politically, the prison labor industry in the United States has found its niche in attempting to return outsourced jobs to the domestic market, in effect, moving the colonies of American empire right into its own backyard. Without the economic differential power of sweatshop wages in low-income countries, prison wages become only marginally better than no wages, particularly when factoring in the many deductions that prisons apply for court fees, supervision costs, and even disciplinary functions. While these economic factors play a defining role in determining the realities of prison labor, they exist within a larger philosophy of prison life that is, ultimately, capitalistic. Even where the economics of prison labor bears literal resemblance to market demands, prison labor remains a necessary component of the philosophy of capital’s primacy over the labor pool. Insulated from the market, the totalitarian prison becomes the end-stage of capitalism; with contradictions uninhibited by class conflict and protected from the bargaining power of labor, prison work is the harbinger of what “free” work becomes as the capitalist fantasy continues.
Marked
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Author : Devah Pager
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 2008-09-15
Marked written by Devah Pager and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-09-15 with Social Science categories.
Nearly every job application asks it: have you ever been convicted of a crime? For the hundreds of thousands of young men leaving American prisons each year, their answer to that question may determine whether they can find work and begin rebuilding their lives. The product of an innovative field experiment, Marked gives us our first real glimpse into the tremendous difficulties facing ex-offenders in the job market. Devah Pager matched up pairs of young men, randomly assigned them criminal records, then sent them on hundreds of real job searches throughout the city of Milwaukee. Her applicants were attractive, articulate, and capable—yet ex-offenders received less than half the callbacks of the equally qualified applicants without criminal backgrounds. Young black men, meanwhile, paid a particularly high price: those with clean records fared no better in their job searches than white men just out of prison. Such shocking barriers to legitimate work, Pager contends, are an important reason that many ex-prisoners soon find themselves back in the realm of poverty, underground employment, and crime that led them to prison in the first place. “Using scholarly research, field research in Milwaukee, and graphics, [Pager] shows that ex-offenders, white or black, stand a very poor chance of getting a legitimate job. . . . Both informative and convincing.”—Library Journal “Marked is that rare book: a penetrating text that rings with moral concern couched in vivid prose—and one of the most useful sociological studies in years.”—Michael Eric Dyson
Costs Benefits And Distributional Consequences Of Inmate Labor
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Author : Jeffrey R. Kling
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
Costs Benefits And Distributional Consequences Of Inmate Labor written by Jeffrey R. Kling and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Convict labor categories.
The New Scarlet Letter
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Author : Steven Raphael
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
The New Scarlet Letter written by Steven Raphael and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Criminals categories.
This book explores the labor market prospects of the growing population of former prison inmates in the United States. In particular, the specific challenges created by the characteristics of this population and the common hiring and screening practices of U.S. employers. In addition, various policy efforts are discussed to improve the employment prospects and limit the future criminal activity of former prison inmates either through improving the skills and qualications of these job seekers or through the provision of incentives to employers to hire such individuals.