The Nature Of Activatory And Tolerogenic Dendritic Cell Derived Signal 2

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The Nature Of Activatory And Tolerogenic Dendritic Cell Derived Signal 2

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Author : Francesca Granucci
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date : 2014-07-08

The Nature Of Activatory And Tolerogenic Dendritic Cell Derived Signal 2 written by Francesca Granucci and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-07-08 with categories.

One of the most interesting issues in immunology is how the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system cooperate in vertebrate organisms to respond and destroy invading microorganisms without destroying self-tissues. More than 20 years ago, Charles Janeway proposed the innate immune recognition theory [1]. He hypothesized the existence of innate receptors (Pattern recognition receptors, PRRs) that, by recognizing molecular structures associated to pathogens (PAMPs) and being expressed by antigen presenting cells (APCs) and epithelial cells, could alert the immune system to the presence of a pathogen, making it possible to mount an immediate inflammatory response. Moreover, by transducing the alert signal in professional APCs and inducing the expression of costimulatory molecules, these receptors could control the activation of lymphocytes bearing clonal antigen-specific receptors, thereby promoting appropriate adaptive immune responses. Since adaptive immunity can be activated also following sterile inflammatory conditions, it was subsequently proposed by Polly Matzinger that the innate immune system could be also activated by endogenous danger signals, generically called danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)[2]. The first prediction has been amply confirmed by the discovery of Toll-like receptors [3; 4; 5] and cytoplasmic PRRs such as RIG-like receptors [6]. Other PRR families such as the NOD-like receptors and C-type lectins exert immunogenic or tolerogenic signals [7; 8; 9] and may recognize not strictly pathogens but also endogenous danger signals that may lead to inflammasome activation [10; 11] . Dendritic cells (DCs) have been identified as the cells of the innate immune system that, by sensing PAMPs or DAMPs transduce signals to the nucleus. This leads to a transcriptional reprogramming of DCs with the consequent expression of three signals, namely signal 1 (MHC+peptide), signal 2 (surface costimulatory molecules) and signal 3 (cytokines) necessary for the priming of antigen-specific naïve T cell responses (signal 1 and 2) and T cell polarization (signal 3). The reason why DCs are superior with respect to other professional APCs in naïve T cell activation has not been unequivocally defined but in vivo may mainly result from their migration capacity to secondary lymphoid organs. It has not been established whether DCs can provide a special “signal 2” or simply very high levels, compared with other APCs, of commonly expressed signals 1 and 2, so that a naïve T cell could reach the threshold of activation. A second aspect of DC biology needs also to be taken into account. Concerning the question of how self-tissues are not destroyed following the initiation of adaptive immune responses, different mechanisms of central and peripheral auto-reactive T cell tolerization have been proposed [12]. In particular, it has been defined that high affinity T cells are deleted in the thymus, while low affinity auto-reactive T cells or T cells specific for tissue-sequestered antigens that do not have access to the thymus are controlled in the periphery. In a simplified vision of how peripheral T cell tolerance could be induced and maintained, it was thought that, in resting conditions, immature DCs, expressing low levels of signal 1 and low or no levels of signal 2, were able to induce T cell unresponsiveness. Nevertheless, it is now clear that a fundamental contribution to the peripheral tolerance is due to the conversion of naïve T cells into peripheral regulatory T cells (pTreg cells) and it is also clear that DCs need to receive a specific conditioning to become able to induce pTreg cell differentiation. Even more intriguing is that also DCs activated through PRRs, with particular Toll like receptor (TLR) agonists, are capable of generating pTreg cell conversion if these agonists induce the production of the appropriate cytokines.

Dendritic Cell Control Of Immune Responses

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Author : Penelope Anne Morel
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2016-07-27

Dendritic Cell Control Of Immune Responses written by Penelope Anne Morel and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-07-27 with Dendritic cells categories.

Dendritic cells (DC) are among the first cells to encounter pathogens and damage in peripheral tissues and, upon activation, DC migrate to lymph nodes where they activate and educate T cells to initiate and shape the immune response. DC present pathogen-derived antigen to T cells and drive T cell differentiation into particular effector cells through the expression and secretion of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines respectively. The study of DC biology has included the identification of multiple DC subsets in tissues and lymphoid organs, the differentiation and plasticity of DC subsets, the functional consequences of DC interaction with pathogen, control of DC migratory properties and the impact of DC on T cell activation and differentiation. In recent years sophisticated systems biology approaches have been developed to deepen our understanding of DC function. These studies have identified differences between DC subsets located in various tissues and critical factors that drive the outcome of the interaction between DC and T cells. DC are currently being used in in various clinical therapeutic settings, including as vaccines for cancer and autoimmune disease. A clear understanding of DC factors that contribute to specific immune responses is vital to the success of DC based therapies. This research topic will give a comprehensive overview of current issues in DC biology and provides an update on the clinical uses of DC in the therapy of autoimmunity and cancer.

Cancer Immunology And Immunotherapy

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Author : Mansoor M. Amiji
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2021-08-18

Cancer Immunology And Immunotherapy written by Mansoor M. Amiji and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-08-18 with Medical categories.

Delivery Technologies for Immuno-Oncology: Volume 1: Delivery Strategies and Engineering Technologies in Cancer Immunotherapy examines the challenges of delivering immuno-oncology therapies. Immuno-oncology (IO) is a growing field of medicine at the interface of immunology and cancer biology leading to development of novel therapeutic approaches, such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) and immune checkpoint blockade antibodies, that are clinically approved approaches for cancer therapy. Although currently approved IO approaches have shown tremendous promise for select types of cancers, broad application of IO strategies could even further improve the clinical success, especially for diseases such as pancreatic cancer, brain tumors where the success of IO so far has been limited. Nanotechnology-based targeted delivery strategies could improve the delivery efficiency of IO agents as well as provide additional avenues for novel therapeutic and vaccination strategies. Additionally, a number of locally-administered immunogenic scaffolds and therapeutic strategies, such as the use of STING agonist, could benefit from rationally designed biomaterials and delivery approaches. Delivery Technologies for Immuno-Oncology: Volume 1: Delivery Strategies and Engineering Technologies in Cancer Immunotherapy creates a comprehensive treaty that engages the scientific and medical community who are involved in the challenges of immunology, cancer biology, and therapeutics with possible solutions from the nanotechnology and drug delivery side. - Comprehensive treaty covering all aspects of immuno-oncology (IO) - Novel strategies for delivery of IO therapeutics and vaccines - Forecasting on the future of nanotechnology and drug delivery for IO

Translational Neuroimmunology In Multiple Sclerosis

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Author : Ruth Arnon
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2016-05-10

Translational Neuroimmunology In Multiple Sclerosis written by Ruth Arnon and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-05-10 with Medical categories.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common disabling neurological disease of young adults. More than 2.3 million people are affected by MS worldwide. Symptoms can vary widely, depending on the localization and amount of the damage induced by combined inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative processes. Although a cure for MS does not currently exist, therapies can help treat MS attacks, attenuate disease activity, reduce progress of the disease, and manage symptoms. Translational Neuroimmunology in Multiple Sclerosis provides an overview of recent findings and knowledge of the neuroimmunology of multiple sclerosis, from experimental models and the human disease to the translation of this research to immunotherapeutic strategies. Chapters describe genetic and environmental factors underlying the disease pathogenesis of MS as a basis for development of immunotherapies, immunological markers of disease activity, pharmacogenetics, and responses to therapy. Immunomodulatory therapies currently in practice and future therapeutic strategies on the horizon—such as neuroprotective strategies, stem cells, and repair promotion—are discussed. Contributed by renowned leaders in the field, this cross-disciplinary volume is a great resource for basic scientists and clinical practitioners in neuroscience, neurology, immunology, pharmacology, and in-drug development. - Provides an overview of recent findings and knowledge of the neuroimmunology of multiple sclerosis and the translation of this research to immunotherapy treatment - Edited by renowned leaders in the field of neuroimmunology and multiple sclerosis - Contains the latest resource material for basic and clinical scientists and practitioners in neuroscience, neurology, immunology, and pharmacology - 2017 BMA Medical Book Awards Highly Commended in Neurology

Fluorine Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Author : Ulrich Flogel
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2016-10-26

Fluorine Magnetic Resonance Imaging written by Ulrich Flogel and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-26 with Medical categories.

Over the past decade, fluorine (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has garnered significant scientific interest in the biomedical research community owing to the unique properties of fluorinated materials and the 19F nucleus. Fluorine has an intrinsically sensitive nucleus for MRI. There is negligible endogenous 19F in the body and thus there is no background signal. Fluorine-containing compounds are ideal tracer labels for a wide variety of MRI applications. Moreover, the chemical shift and nuclear relaxation rate can be made responsive to physiology via creative molecular design. This book is an interdisciplinary compendium that details cutting-edge science and medical research in the emerging field of 19F MRI. Edited by Ulrich Flögel and Eric Ahrens, two prominent MRI researchers, this book will appeal to investigators involved in MRI, biomedicine, immunology, pharmacology, probe chemistry, and imaging physics.

Emerging Concepts Targeting Immune Checkpoints In Cancer And Autoimmunity

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Author : Akihiko Yoshimura
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-11-25

Emerging Concepts Targeting Immune Checkpoints In Cancer And Autoimmunity written by Akihiko Yoshimura and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-25 with Medical categories.

This volume reviews the current state of research on immune checkpoints and offers novel concepts. It discusses the two most important immune checkpoints: T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). It shows that antagonistic antibodies against these two molecules are highly effective in the treatment of various cancers and that PD-1 and CTLA-4 have been linked to the suppression of T-cell receptor signaling and co-stimulatory molecules. Further, the volume examines other agents, a number of cells, receptors and signaling molecules, that are also involved in the regulation of T-cell activation and extends the concept of immune checkpoints to “molecules and cells that negatively regulate T-cell activation”. Playing essential roles in immune homeostasis, they could offer new targets for cancer immunotherapy, and for the therapy of autoimmune diseases. Written by internationally respected scientists, this book will appeal to basic scientists, clinicians, drug development researchers, and advanced students alike.

Engineering Technologies And Clinical Translation

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Author : Mansoor M. Amiji
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2021-08-25

Engineering Technologies And Clinical Translation written by Mansoor M. Amiji and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-08-25 with Science categories.

Engineering Technologies and Clinical Translation: Volume 3: Delivery Strategies and Engineering Technologies in Cancer Immunotherapy examines the challenges of delivering immuno-oncology therapies, focusing specifically on the development of solutions for drug delivery and its clinical outcomes. Immuno-oncology (IO) is a growing field of medicine at the interface of immunology and cancer biology leading to development of novel therapeutic approaches, such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) and immune checkpoint blockade antibodies, that are clinically approved approaches for cancer therapy. Although currently approved IO approaches have shown tremendous promise for select types of cancers, broad application of IO strategies could even further improve the clinical success, especially for diseases such as pancreatic cancer, brain tumors where the success of IO so far has been limited. This volume of Delivery Strategies and Engineering Technologies in Cancer Immunotherapy discusses biomaterial, microfluidic, and biodegradable devices, engineered microbes, personalized medicine, clinical approval process, and many other IO technologies. Engineering Technologies and Clinical Translation: Volume 3: Delivery Strategies and Engineering Technologies in Cancer Immunotherapy creates a comprehensive treaty that engages the scientific and medical community who are involved in the challenges of immunology, cancer biology, and therapeutics with possible solutions from the nanotechnology and drug delivery side. - Explores engineering technologies and their clinical translation in a comprehensive way - Presents forecasting on the future of nanotechnology and drug delivery for IO - Engages the scientific and medical community who are involved in the challenges of immunology, cancer biology, and therapeutics with possible solutions from the nanotechnology and drug delivery side

Antigen Presenting Cells And The Eye

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Author : Manfred Zierhut
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2007-07-25

Antigen Presenting Cells And The Eye written by Manfred Zierhut and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-07-25 with Medical categories.

In recent years the importance of antigen-presenting cells and their influence on the eyes has been elucidated. We have learned that nearly every structure of the eye harbors these cells, yet they differ in their activities and thus in the ways in which they protect against - or participate in - diseases of the eye. Antigen-Presenting Cells and the

Peptide Therapeutics

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Author : Seetharama D. Jois
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-09-26

Peptide Therapeutics written by Seetharama D. Jois and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-09-26 with Medical categories.

This book explains how peptide-based drug design works, what steps are needed to develop a peptide-based therapeutic, and challenges in synthesis as well as regulatory issues. It covers the design concept of peptide therapeutics from fundamental principles using structural biology and computational approaches. The chapters are arranged in a linear fashion. A fresh graduate or a scientist who works on small molecules can use this to follow the design and development of peptide therapeutics to use as understanding the basic concepts. Each chapter is written by experts from academia as well as industry. Rather than covering extensive literature, the book provides concepts of design, synthesis, delivery, as well as regulatory affairs and manufacturing of peptides in a systematic way with examples in each case. The book can be used as a reference for a pharmaceutical or biomedical scientist or graduate student who wants to pursue their career in peptide therapeutics. Some chapters will be written as a combination of basic principles and protocol so that scientists can adopt these methods to their research work. The examples provided can be used to perform peptide formulation considerations for the designed peptides. The book has nine chapters, and each chapter can be read as an independent unit on a particular concept.

Harnessing The Participation Of Dendritic Cells In Immunity And Tolerance

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Author : Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2020-12-10

Harnessing The Participation Of Dendritic Cells In Immunity And Tolerance written by Silvia Beatriz Boscardin and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-10 with Medical categories.

This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.