The Psychology Of Counterfactual Thinking
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The Psychology Of Counterfactual Thinking
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Author : David R. Mandel
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2007-05-07
The Psychology Of Counterfactual Thinking written by David R. Mandel and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-05-07 with Philosophy categories.
This book provides a critical overview of significant developments in research and theory on counterfactual thinking that have emerged in recent years and spotlights exciting new directions for future research in this area. Key issues considered include the relations between counterfactual and casual reasoning, the functional bases of counterfactual thinking, the role of counterfactual thinking in the experience of emotion and the importance of counterfactual thinking in the context of crime and justice.
What Might Have Been
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Author : Neal J. Roese
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2014-01-14
What Might Have Been written by Neal J. Roese and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-01-14 with Psychology categories.
Within a few short years, research on counterfactual thinking has mushroomed, establishing itself as one of the signature domains within social psychology. Counterfactuals are thoughts of what might have been, of possible past outcomes that could have taken place. Counterfactuals and their implications for perceptions of time and causality have long fascinated philosophers, but only recently have social psychologists made them the focus of empirical inquiry. Following the publication of Kahneman and Tversky's seminal 1982 paper, a burgeoning literature has implicated counterfactual thinking in such diverse judgments as causation, blame, prediction, and suspicion; in such emotional experiences as regret, elation, disappointment and sympathy; and also in achievement, coping, and intergroup bias. But how do such thoughts come about? What are the mechanisms underlying their operation? How do their consequences benefit, or harm, the individual? When is their generation spontaneous and when is it strategic? This volume explores these and other numerous issues by assembling contributions from the most active researchers in this rapidly expanding subfield of social psychology. Each chapter provides an in-depth exploration of a particular conceptual facet of counterfactual thinking, reviewing previous work, describing ongoing, cutting-edge research, and offering novel theoretical analysis and synthesis. As the first edited volume to bring together the many threads of research and theory on counterfactual thinking, this book promises to be a source of insight and inspiration for years to come.
Counterfactual Thinking Counterfactual Writing
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Author : Dorothee Birke
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
Release Date : 2011-11-30
Counterfactual Thinking Counterfactual Writing written by Dorothee Birke and has been published by Walter de Gruyter this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-11-30 with Literary Criticism categories.
Counterfactuality is currently a hotly debated topic. While for some disciplines such as linguistics, cognitive science, or psychology counterfactual scenarios have been an important object of study for quite a while, counterfactual thinking has in recent years emerged as a method of study for other disciplines, most notably the social sciences. This volume provides an overview of the current definitions and uses of the concept of counterfactuality in philosophy, historiography, political sciences, psychology, linguistics, physics, and literary studies. The individual contributions not only engage the controversies that the deployment of counterfactual thinking as a method still generates, they also highlight the concept’s potential to promote interdisciplinary exchange without neglecting the limitations and pitfalls of such a project. Moreover, the essays from literary studies, which make up about half of the volume, provide both a historical and a systematic perspective on the manifold ways in which counterfactual scenarios can be incorporated into and deployed in literary texts.
Counterfactual Thought Experiments In World Politics
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Author : Philip E. Tetlock
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2020-06-30
Counterfactual Thought Experiments In World Politics written by Philip E. Tetlock and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-30 with Political Science categories.
Political scientists often ask themselves what might have been if history had unfolded differently: if Stalin had been ousted as General Party Secretary or if the United States had not dropped the bomb on Japan. Although scholars sometimes scoff at applying hypothetical reasoning to world politics, the contributors to this volume--including James Fearon, Richard Lebow, Margaret Levi, Bruce Russett, and Barry Weingast--find such counterfactual conjectures not only useful, but necessary for drawing causal inferences from historical data. Given the importance of counterfactuals, it is perhaps surprising that we lack standards for evaluating them. To fill this gap, Philip Tetlock and Aaron Belkin propose a set of criteria for distinguishing plausible from implausible counterfactual conjectures across a wide range of applications. The contributors to this volume make use of these and other criteria to evaluate counterfactuals that emerge in diverse methodological contexts including comparative case studies, game theory, and statistical analysis. Taken together, these essays go a long way toward establishing a more nuanced and rigorous framework for assessing counterfactual arguments about world politics in particular and about the social sciences more broadly.
Understanding Counterfactuals Understanding Causation
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Author : Christoph Hoerl
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2011-10-27
Understanding Counterfactuals Understanding Causation written by Christoph Hoerl and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-10-27 with Philosophy categories.
How are causal judgements such as 'The ice on the road caused the traffic accident' connected with counterfactual judgements such as 'If there had not been any ice on the road, the traffic accident would not have happened'? This volume throws new light on this question by uniting, for the first time, psychological and philosophical approaches to causation and counterfactuals. Traditionally, philosophers have primarily been interested in connections between causal and counterfactual claims on the level of meaning or truth-conditions. More recently, however, they have also increasingly turned their attention to psychological connections between causal and counterfactual understanding or reasoning. At the same time, there has been a surge in interest in empirical work on causal and counterfactual cognition amongst developmental, cognitive, and social psychologists—much of it inspired by work in philosophy. In this volume, twelve original contributions from leading philosophers and psychologists explore in detail what bearing empirical findings might have on philosophical concerns about counterfactuals and causation, and how, in turn, work in philosophy might help clarify the issues at stake in empirical work on the cognitive underpinnings of, and relationships between, causal and counterfactual thought.
The Rational Imagination
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Author : Ruth M. J. Byrne
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2007-01-26
The Rational Imagination written by Ruth M. J. Byrne and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-01-26 with Psychology categories.
The human imagination remains one of the last uncharted terrains of the mind. This accessible and original monograph explores a central aspect of the imagination, the creation of counterfactual alternatives to reality, and claims that imaginative thoughts are guided by the same principles that underlie rational thoughts. Research has shown that rational thought is more imaginative than cognitive scientists had supposed; in The Rational Imagination, Ruth Byrne argues that imaginative thought is more rational than scientists have imagined. People often create alternatives to reality and imagine how events might have turned out "if only" something had been different. Byrne explores the "fault lines" of reality, the aspects of reality that are more readily changed in imaginative thoughts. She finds that our tendencies to imagine alternatives to actions, controllable events, socially unacceptable actions, causal and enabling relations, and events that come last in a temporal sequence provide clues to the cognitive processes upon which the counterfactual imagination depends. The explanation of these processes, Byrne argues, rests on the idea that imaginative thought and rational thought have much in common.
The Psychology Of Counterfactual Thinking
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Author : David R. Mandel
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2007-05-07
The Psychology Of Counterfactual Thinking written by David R. Mandel and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-05-07 with Psychology categories.
This book provides a critical overview of significant developments in research and theory on counterfactual thinking that have emerged in recent years and spotlights exciting new directions for future research in this area. Key issues considered include the relations between counterfactual and casual reasoning, the functional bases of counterfactual thinking, the role of counterfactual thinking in the experience of emotion and the importance of counterfactual thinking in the context of crime and justice.
The Functional Basis Of Counterfactual Thinking Microform
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Author : Neal J. Roese
language : en
Publisher: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada
Release Date : 1993
The Functional Basis Of Counterfactual Thinking Microform written by Neal J. Roese and has been published by National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Counterfactuals (Logic) categories.
These findings provide initial support for a functional theory of counterfactual thinking: people may strategically use downward counterfactuals to make themselves feel better (an affective function), and they may strategically use upward and additive counterfactuals to improve performance in the future (a preparative function). The present studies suggest that the mechanism underlying the preparative function represents a causal link from counterfactuals to intentions to overt behaviours. Implications for current theory and future research are considered.
Thinking And Reasoning
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Author : K. I. Manktelow
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2012
Thinking And Reasoning written by K. I. Manktelow and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Psychology categories.
This completely rewritten textbook reflects on the revolutionary changes that have occurred in the field of Thinking and Reasoning in recent years.
The Psychology Of Thinking About The Future
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Author : Gabriele Oettingen
language : en
Publisher: Guilford Publications
Release Date : 2018-03-08
The Psychology Of Thinking About The Future written by Gabriele Oettingen and has been published by Guilford Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-03-08 with Psychology categories.
Why do people spend so much time thinking about the future, imagining scenarios that may never occur, and making (often unrealistic) predictions ? This volume brings together leading researchers from multiple psychological subdisciplines to explore the central role of future-thinking in human behavior across the lifespan. It presents cutting-edge work on the mechanisms involved in visualizing, predicting, and planning for the future. Implications are explored for such important domains as well-being and mental health, academic and job performance, ethical decision making, and financial behavior. Throughout, chapters highlight effective self-regulation strategies that help people pursue and realize their short- and long-term goals. ÿ