The Revolutionary Armed Forces Of Colombia Farc And The Illicit Drug Trade

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The Revolutionary Armed Forces Of Colombia Farc And The Illicit Drug Trade

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Author : Ricardo Vargas Meza
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999

The Revolutionary Armed Forces Of Colombia Farc And The Illicit Drug Trade written by Ricardo Vargas Meza and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Drug traffic categories.

Revolutionary Armed Forces Of Colombia Farc And The Illicit Drug Trade

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date :

Revolutionary Armed Forces Of Colombia Farc And The Illicit Drug Trade written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.

The Transnational Institute (TNI) in The Netherlands presents the full text of a background brief by Ricardo Vargas Meza entitled "The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the Illicit Drug Trade." This article was originally published in June 1999. The author discusses whether or not counterinsurgency and counternarcotics operations are the same in Colombia. Vargas Meza highlights the history of FARC, a guerilla force, and its evolving connection to the drug trade. The author states that FARC now primarily focuses on the taxation of illicit crops.

Cocaine Death Squads And The War On Terror

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Author : Oliver Villar
language : en
Publisher: NYU Press
Release Date : 2014-05-14

Cocaine Death Squads And The War On Terror written by Oliver Villar and has been published by NYU Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-05-14 with History categories.

Since the late 1990s, the United States has funneled billions of dollars in aid to Colombia, ostensibly to combat the illicit drug trade and State Department-designated terrorist groups. The result has been a spiral of violence that continues to take lives and destabilize Colombian society. This book asks an obvious question: are the official reasons given for the wars on drugs and terror in Colombia plausible, or are there other, deeper factors at work? Scholars Villar and Cottle suggest that the answers lie in a close examination of the cocaine trade, particularly its class dimensions. Their analysis reveals that this trade has fueled extensive economic growth and led to the development of a "narco-state" under the control of a "narco-bourgeoisie" which is not interested in eradicating cocaine but in gaining a monopoly over its production. The principal target of this effort is the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), who challenge that monopoly as well as the very existence of the Colombian state. Meanwhile, U.S. business interests likewise gain from the cocaine trade and seek to maintain a dominant, imperialist relationship with their most important client state in Latin America. Suffering the brutal consequences, as always, are the peasants and workers of Colombia. This revelatory book punctures the official propaganda and shows the class war underpinning the politics of the Colombian cocaine trade.

The Revolutionary Armed Forces Of Colombia People S Army Farc Ep Marxist Leninist Insurgency Or Criminal Enterprise

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005

The Revolutionary Armed Forces Of Colombia People S Army Farc Ep Marxist Leninist Insurgency Or Criminal Enterprise written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Coca categories.

This thesis argues that the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia- People2s Army (FARC-EP), Latin America2s oldest and most powerful guerrilla organization, has not abandoned its ideological beliefs and devolved into a criminal enterprise as a result of its immersion in the drug trade and participation in other illicit activities. Rather, the movement remains an ideologically committed, guerrilla insurgency whose strategic objectives include the defeat of the Colombian military, the toppling of the central government, and the establishment of a regime founded on Marxist-Leninist and 3Bolivarian4 principles. While recognizing the important role that resources earned from criminal activities have played in strengthening the FARC-EP2s challenge to the government, this thesis argues that the guerrilla organization2s involvement in the drug trade serves exclusively as a means to an end. However, numerous factors including recent changes in leadership, the recruitment of non-ideologically motivated and poorly educated fighters, and the increased operations tempo have led to the weakening of the ideological commitment of the base. Consequently, many of the FARC-EP2s newer recruits are poorly educated in the political goals of the insurgency. This, combined with the weakening of the organization2s leadership could result in the devolution of the FARC-EP into several criminal enterprises.

Colombia S Changing Approach To Drug Policy

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Author : Congressional Service
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2017-03-12

Colombia S Changing Approach To Drug Policy written by Congressional Service and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-12 with categories.

Counternarcotics policy has long been a key component of the U.S.-Colombian relationship, which some analysts have described as "driven by drugs." Now, Colombia is changing its approach to counternarcotics policy, with implications for the U.S.-Colombian relationship. U.S. concerns about illicit drug production and trafficking in Colombia grew significantly when Colombia became the dominant producer of cocaine in the Andean region in the mid-to-late 1990s. The United States has worked closely with Colombia to eradicate drug crops and combat trafficking. Over the past 17 years the United States has also forged a partnership with Colombia-perhaps its closest bilateral relationship in Latin America-centered on helping Colombia recover its stability following a decades-long internal conflict with insurgencies of left-wing guerrillas and right-wing paramilitaries, whose longevity has been attributed, in part, to their role in the country's illicit drug trade. Between FY2000 and FY2016, the U.S. Congress appropriated more than $10 billion of bilateral foreign assistance to support a Colombian-written strategy known as Plan Colombia and its successor programs. In addition to counternarcotics, the United States helped support security and development programs designed to stabilize Colombia's security situation and strengthen its democracy. A peace accord between the government of Colombia and the country's main leftist insurgent group, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), was signed in late November 2016 after four years of formal peace talks. The Colombian Congress unanimously ratified the peace accord, which had been revised following the narrow rejection of an earlier accord in a national referendum in October 2016. The final peace agreement addresses important issues, such as illicit crop cultivation-a major source of FARC income-and rural development. According to President Juan Manuel Santos, the peace accord will draw former FARC members into efforts to counter illicit drug production and trafficking. In 2017, as Colombia begins to implement the final peace accord and demobilize the FARC, the country is facing a large increase in cocaine production. During the protracted peace negotiations with the FARC, the Colombian government altered its approach to drug policy. A major change was the decision to end aerial spraying to eradicate coca crops, which had been a central feature of U.S.-Colombian counterdrug cooperation for more than two decades. In addition, Colombia's counternarcotics policies shifted in 2015 to a public health approach under President Santos. The shift was influenced by broader hemispheric trends to reform traditional antidrug practices in ways that proponents claim can reduce human rights violations. On the supply side, Colombia's new drug policy gives significant attention to expanding alternative development and licit crop substitution while intensifying interdiction efforts. The revised drug policy approach promotes drug-use prevention and treatment for drug users. According to Colombian officials, the public health and prevention dimensions of the revised strategy will be led by Colombia's Health Ministry, in coordination with other agencies. This report examines how Colombia's drug policies have evolved in light of Colombia's peace agreement with the FARC and its changing counternarcotics policy. It explores both policy and oversight concerns, such as prospects for reducing coca and poppy cultivation under Colombia's new drug policy and the peace accord with the FARC; the role of Colombian drug trafficking organizations, including powerful criminal groups containing former paramilitaries, in a post-peace accord environment; U.S.-Colombian cooperation on counternarcotics and Colombia's future role in regional antidrug efforts; and shifts in U.S. government assistance to support Colombia's revised drug policy and how Colombia's new policy converges with traditional U.S. pr

Colombia S Armed Groups Battle For The Spoils Of Peace

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017

Colombia S Armed Groups Battle For The Spoils Of Peace written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Colombia categories.

The peace process with Colombia’s largest and longest standing guerrilla group has defied its detractors and brought 11,200 ex-combatants to the cusp of civilian life, but the aftermath of war has not been safe for all. Since the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) withdrew from their rural heartlands to gather in canton-ments in early 2017, rival armed actors have taken their place, waging a battle for spoils: control of isolated communities and territories, many rich in illicit business. In the Pacific cocaine hub of Tumaco, in hamlets of Chocó, or in contraband zones on the Venezuelan border, established armed groups and new insurgent breakaway factions have attacked state forces, intimidated communities and vied to become undisputed local overlords. Grassroots security is crucial to assure the success of the peace process with the FARC as it shifts from a UN-monitored weapons handover to deeper structural reforms of politics and society. Efforts to combat remaining armed outfits are essential, but in so doing the government must not alienate the population and exacerbate poverty in ways that would aggravate the conditions that propel these groups’ growth. Most of these armed factions now cluster in coastal and border areas. Around 1,000 FARC dissidents, who disown the peace deal for various reasons, are de facto rulers of disparate territories, several of them dependent on the drug trade. Colombia’s second main guerrilla force, the National Liberation Army (ELN), has brokered a temporary ceasefire with the government despite looking to conquer new territories, especially along the Pacific coast. The Gaitanista Self-defence Force, currently the largest neo-paramilitary group in the country, combines a vertical military hierarchy centred in the country’s north west with a web of subcontracted local gangs. It is now the country’s leading drug trafficking organisation. Thriving illicit businesses – booming coca plantations, illegal gold mines, extortion rackets and contraband – account for the survival and expansion of many of these groups. But economic interests alone do not explain their support within some communities. By resolving disputes and defending illicit livelihoods from law enforce-ment, these groups have crafted a rudimentary, authoritarian form of local political leadership. The Colombian state has responded through a nationwide “Victory Plan”, deploying 80,000 soldiers and police officers to occupy vacated FARC territory. Yet even if security forces could seize all disputed territory, coercion alone cannot establish bonds of trust between the state and local citizens; instead, they need to be persuaded that there is a better alternative to the summary justice and social discipline meted out by illegal groups. The next phase of reforms under the peace accord aims precisely at building such trust between state and citizenry. It includes a more plural democratic system, reinte-gration of ex-FARC fighters, justice for conflict victims and a coca substitution program. But its implementation faces myriad difficulties. Comprehensive reintegration plans are on hold. Voluntary coca substitution, one of the accord’s flagship programs, will require a long-term commitment from the state and far more international political and financial backing. Corruption debilitates the government’s campaign against armed groups, and must be countered by stronger and more independent agencies operating within and outside the military and police. Urgent consideration also should be given to the design of new judicial approaches that might encourage other armed groups to lay down their weapons and follow the FARC’s path to peace. The initial accord’s defeat in a 2016 plebiscite demonstrated the public’s mistrust of the peace process, raising the risk that the 2018 elections could bring a government to power that is intent on rewriting or gutting the agreement. Implementation of the accord is threatened both by an opposition that believes it pandered to FARC guerrillas, and by armed factions that regard the deal either as a fraud or an opportunity to expand. The combination of local armed activity and divisive national politics could decisively weaken public support for the accord unless the results of the peace process defy expectations once again. For that to happen, the government must aim its sights at both local insecurity and the broader weaknesses of local governance that underpin it.

Evaluation Of The United States Drug War Policy Abroad

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Author : U. S. Military
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018-01-12

Evaluation Of The United States Drug War Policy Abroad written by U. S. Military and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-01-12 with categories.

As the United States continues to recover from the greatest recession since the Great Depression, the U.S. government must find cost savings. Therefore, this project aimed to find efficiencies through reallocating funds from a program proven ineffective. U.S. foreign aid programs such as Plan Colombia, in conjunction with Colombian President Uribe's "Democratic Security" strategy, caused a significant drop in murder rates, the number of displaced people, and the number of kidnappings in Colombia over the last ten years. The purpose of beginning the drug war in Colombia was to interdict the drugs at the source. However, as a result of the "balloon effect" into Peru and Bolivia and technological advances by the narco-traffickers, the net result of interdiction has been virtually zero. Additionally, the source of the United States' drug problem is not in Colombia, but with the user and his or her demand for illicit drugs. Therefore, this project recommends aligning funding to support rehabilitation and prevention programs that will reduce the likelihood that a person will have the desire to abuse drugs again. Though there are possibly negative short-term effects of this policy, this project shows that the long-term effect favors rehabilitation and prevention. CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION * A. UNITED STATES' RETURN ON INVESTMENT * B. COLOMBIA'S RETURN ON INVESTMENT * C. DANGER OF BLACK MARKET INFLUENCES ON COCAINE * D. COLOMBIA AS A STRATEGIC ALLY * E. CONCLUSION * CHAPTER II - HISTORY OF UNITED STATES INVOLVEMENT IN COLOMBIA * A. HISTORY OF FOREIGN POLICY FOR LATIN AMERICA * B. FOREIGN AID IN LATIN AMERICA AS A NATIONAL STRATEGY * C. HISTORY OF VIOLENCE: LA VIOLENCIA * 1. Struggle for Power * 2. Weak Military * 3. Strategic Importance of Colombia * D. PLAN COLOMBIA * CHAPTER III - HISTORY OF THE WAR ON DRUGS * A. HISTORY OF THE DRUG WAR FROM 1900 TO NIXON YEARS * B. HISTORY OF THE DRUG WAR FROM NIXON TO PRESENT * CHAPTER IV - COST TO COLOMBIA * A. SECURITY ISSUES * 1. Colombia's Illegal Drug Firms * 2. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC) * 3. National Liberation Army (ELN) * 4. United Self-Defense Force of Colombia (AUC) * B. INVESTMENT BY THE COLOMBIAN GOVERNMENT * C. DISPLACED PERSONS * D. INCENTIVE IN THE COCA TRADE * E. AIRCRAFT * F. AERIAL ERADICATION * G. TOTAL COST TO COLOMBIA * CHAPTER V - ANALYSIS * A. STRATEGY AND FUNDING MISMATCH * B. CRIMINAL JUSTICE COSTS * C. ERADICATION EFFORTS * 1. Peru * 2. Bolivia * D. REDUCTION IN VIOLENCE * E. COLOMBIA TODAY * CHAPTER VI - CONCLUSION * A. UNITED STATES' RETURN ON INVESTMENT * B. DECISION POINTS

The World S Most Threatening Terrorist Networks And Criminal Gangs

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Author : B. Schneider
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2009-07-20

The World S Most Threatening Terrorist Networks And Criminal Gangs written by B. Schneider and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-07-20 with Political Science categories.

Terrorist organizations and international criminal networks pose an increasing danger to the world. This book looks at diverse groups from Al Qaeda to Mexican drug cartels and includes a chapter on terrorist WMD threats. This look at sub-state rivals is recommended to all serious students of international security.

Colombian Labyrinth

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Author : Angel Rabasa
language : en
Publisher: Rand Corporation
Release Date : 2001

Colombian Labyrinth written by Angel Rabasa and has been published by Rand Corporation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with History categories.

U.S. policy toward Colombia has been driven to a large extent by counter-narcotics considerations, but the evolving situation in that South American country confronts the United States with as much of a national security as a drug policy problem. Colombia is a geostrategically important country, whose trajectory will influence broader trends in the Andean region and beyond. Colombian Labyrinth examines the sources of instability in the country; the objectives, strategy, strengths, and weaknesses of the government, guerrillas, and paramilitaries and the balances among them; and the effects of the current U.S. assistance program. Possible scenarios and futures for Colombia are laid out, with implications for both the United States and neighboring countries. The authors find that instability in Colombia stems from the interaction and synergies of the underground drug economy and armed challenges to the state's authority. Solutions to the core problem--the weakness of the Colombian State--must focus on resolving the broader set of political-military challenges that result from the convergence of drug trafficking and insurgency. The authors recommend that Colombia's military and institutional capabilities be improved to enable the Colombian government to regain control of the countryside and that, at the same time, the United States work with Colombia's neighbors to contain the risk of spillover and regional destabilization.

The Losing War

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Author : Jonathan D. Rosen
language : en
Publisher: SUNY Press
Release Date : 2014-01-01

The Losing War written by Jonathan D. Rosen and has been published by SUNY Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-01-01 with Political Science categories.

Critical analysis of Plan Colombia, a multibillion dollar US counternarcotics initiative.