Wage Gaps And Development
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Wage Gaps And Development
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Author : Alex Mourmouras
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2007-05
Wage Gaps And Development written by Alex Mourmouras and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-05 with Business & Economics categories.
During the course of development, wages and labor productivity are much higher in the nonfarm sectors of the economy than in agriculture. In this paper, we examine the sources and consequences of wage and productivity gaps in the U.S. from 1800 to 2000. We build a quantitative general equilibrium model that closely matches the two-century long paths of farm and non-farm labor productivity growth, schooling, and fertility in the U.S. The family farm emerges as an important institution that contributes to differences in wages and labor productivity. Income from farm ownership compensates farm workers for the relatively low labor productivity and wages earned in agriculture. Farm ownership, along with the higher cost of raising children off the farm, generated a two-fold gap in labor productivity across the farm and nonfarm sectors in the 19th century US. Consequently, the reallocation of labor from farming to industry raised the average annual growth rate of output per worker by about half a percentage point over the 19th century. The paper also draws some lessons from the quantitative analysis of U.S. economic history for currently developing countries.
Development Of Econometric Methods To Evaluate The Gender Pay Gap Using Structure Of Earnings Survey Data
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Development Of Econometric Methods To Evaluate The Gender Pay Gap Using Structure Of Earnings Survey Data written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Sex discrimination in employment categories.
Gender Disparities In Africa S Labor Market
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Author : Jorge Saba Arbache
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2010-08-05
Gender Disparities In Africa S Labor Market written by Jorge Saba Arbache and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-08-05 with Social Science categories.
Women's earnings are a fraction of male's earnings in several African countries. It is tempting to conclude that this wage gap is a sign of discrimination against women in the labor market. Yet this book uses new datasets to show that the gap is not simply the result of discrimination in the labor markets, but rather the result of multiple factors, including access to education and credit, cultural values and household duties, and, above all, labor market conditions. It shows that gender disparities grow when economies are not functioning well and labor markets are tiny. More than the effect of discrimination, it seems that job rationing causes those with better human capital and those with more power in the household usually the men to take the few jobs that are available. It is hardly surprising, then, that in a region where only a fraction of the labor force finds jobs in the formal sector, gender disparities in earnings are so high. The book further documents that firm-level and sector characteristics are additional powerful factors in explaining the gender disparities in the labor market. As the causes are not simple, neither are the solutions; multifaceted strategies are needed. By providing environments that support economic growth and, more importantly, job creation, as well as by promoting equal access for women to education and rethinking the attitudes that limit what women may achieve, governments in the region will substantially improve the well-being of all their peoples. 'Gender Disparities in Africa's Labor Market' helps to fill the knowledge gap and identify the links between gender disparities and poverty reduction. The work was implemented in collaboration with a range of poverty and labor market studies to maximize its usefulness for policy dialogue in specific countries. This book will be of interest to policy makers, students, academics, gender experts, and all those interested in gender issues and development.
Structural Transformation And The Agricultural Wage Gap
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Author : Jorge Alvarez
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2017-12-22
Structural Transformation And The Agricultural Wage Gap written by Jorge Alvarez and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-12-22 with Business & Economics categories.
A key feature of developing economies is that wages in agriculture are significantly below those of other sectors. Using Brazilian household surveys and administrative panel data, I use information on workers who switch sectors to decompose the drivers of this gap. I find that most of the gap is explained by differences in worker composition. The evidence speaks against the existence of large short-term gains from reallocating workers out of agriculture and favors recently proposed Roy models of inter-sector sorting. A calibrated sorting model of structural transformation can account for the wage gap level observed and its decline as the economy transitioned out of agriculture.
Economic Dimensions Of Gender Inequality
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Author : Janet Rives
language : en
Publisher: Praeger
Release Date : 1997-08-26
Economic Dimensions Of Gender Inequality written by Janet Rives and has been published by Praeger this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-08-26 with Business & Economics categories.
Contains 12 essays which discuss gender inequality in employment, and the impact of the stage of economic development, and of social and cultural factors on the manifestation of inequality.
Closing The Gender Gap Act Now
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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 2012-12-17
Closing The Gender Gap Act Now written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-17 with categories.
This OECD report focuses on how best to close gender gaps under four broad headings: 1) Gender equality, social norms and public policies; and gender equality in 2) education; 3) employment and 4) entrepreneurship.
Pay Transparency Tools To Close The Gender Wage Gap
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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 2021-11-30
Pay Transparency Tools To Close The Gender Wage Gap written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-30 with categories.
Despite big societal changes, and many labour market, educational and public policy initiatives, women are still paid less than men. This report presents the first stocktaking of pay transparency tools across OECD countries and explores how such policies can help level the playing field for women and men at work.
Social Justice And Gender Equality
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Author : Günseli Berik
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2012-10-12
Social Justice And Gender Equality written by Günseli Berik and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-10-12 with Business & Economics categories.
The contributors to this edited volume explore the effects of various development strategies and associated macroeconomic policies on women’s well-being and progress towards gender equality. Detailed analyses of major UN reports on gender reveal the different approaches to assessing absolute and relative progress for women and the need to take into account the specifics of policy regimes when making such assessments. The book argues that neoliberal policies, especially the liberalization of trade and investment, make it difficult to close gender wage and earnings gaps, and new gender sensitive policies need to be devised. These and other issues are all examined in more detail in several gendered development histories of countries from Latin America and Asia.
International Trade Wage Inequality And The Developing Economy
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Author : Sugata Marjit
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
International Trade Wage Inequality And The Developing Economy written by Sugata Marjit and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Business & Economics categories.
This book deals with the impact that international trade is likely to have on the skilled-unskilled wage gap in a typical developing economy. This is the first theoretical monograph on this particular issue which has already generated substantial debate and voluminous work for the developed countries. A unique feature of this work is that it tries to explain the possibility of rising inequality across trading nations and looks at the segmented labour markets of the poor economies. It makes convincing arguments that the standard general equilibrium models, the main workhorse of trade theory, can be given a creative facelift to address a number of critical and emerging issues in the area of trade and development.
Wage And Productivity Gaps
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Author : Dorte Verner
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 1999
Wage And Productivity Gaps written by Dorte Verner and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Access and Equity in Basic Education categories.
Ghana's labor market is segmented, and the workforce adds more to firm level productivity than its cost would suggest. The more training and education workers have, the higher their wages and the greater their productivity. In short, investments in human capital improves productivity.