Mid Scale Testing Of Dispersant Effectiveness
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Mid Scale Testing Of Dispersant Effectiveness
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Author : Randy Belore
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987
Mid Scale Testing Of Dispersant Effectiveness written by Randy Belore and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with categories.
Mid Scale Testing Of Dispersant Effectiveness
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Author : Randy Belore
language : en
Publisher: S.L. Ross Environmental Research Limited
Release Date : 1987
Mid Scale Testing Of Dispersant Effectiveness written by Randy Belore and has been published by S.L. Ross Environmental Research Limited this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Corexit (Trademark) categories.
The objective was to develop a mid-scale test for dispersant effectiveness that incorporates all the factors believed to be important in the field use of dispersants. Such a test would permit a realistic evaluation of dispersant effectiveness prior to expensive offshore test. An extensive review of the published literature was undertaken to identify the essential components of the chemical dispersion process and the problems and successes that have been encountered in past effectiveness tests. The major shortfall of the many bench-scale effectiveness tests developed over the years has been their inability to model accurately dispersant application, dispersant-oil-water interaction and mixing energy. These aspects of dispersant effectiveness testing were incorporated in our design.
Mid Scale Testing Of Dispersant Effectiveness
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987
Mid Scale Testing Of Dispersant Effectiveness written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with categories.
Drop Size And Dispersant Effectiveness
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Author : Randy Belore
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Drop Size And Dispersant Effectiveness written by Randy Belore and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with categories.
A Small Scale Laboratory Dispersant Effectiveness Test
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Author : D. Mackay
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1978
A Small Scale Laboratory Dispersant Effectiveness Test written by D. Mackay and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1978 with Application categories.
A small-scale laboratory system is described in which known amounts of oil and dispersant are introduced on a water surface at a controlled temperature and turbulence and the dispersion behavior observed. Turbulence is provided by circulating an air current over the oil-water surface, thus simulating, to some extent, natural wave action and avoiding the atypical turbulence introduced by mechanical agitation devices. Oil adherence to solid surfaces is minimized. The apparatus is believed to be particularly suitable for studying the effectiveness and behavior of dispersants under conditions where little or no artificial turbulence is provided. The design and performance of the apparatus is described and some results presented in which turbulence, oil-to-dispersant ratio, and temperature are varied. The system is suitable for close observation of the dispersion process and subsequent emulsified oil behavior. The advantages and disadvantages of the system are outlined and the possibility of relating sea state to conditions in the apparatus is discussed.
Standard Dispersant Effectiveness And Toxicity Tests
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Author : Leo T. McCarthy
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1973
Standard Dispersant Effectiveness And Toxicity Tests written by Leo T. McCarthy and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1973 with Biochemical oxygen demand categories.
A brief history of the development of the Standard EPA Dispersant Effectiveness and Toxicity tests is outlined. The standard tests are presented and discussed. An analysis of variance is performed on the data developed by three independent laboratories in order to determine the reproducibility of standard test procedures. In the standard effectiveness test, oil is applied to the water surface in a cylindrical tank. Dispersant is applied in a fine stream and then mixing energy is supplied by a pressurized water stream. The tank contents are recirculated after which samples are withdrawn for extraction and spectrophotometric analysis. The standard toxicity test involves exposing three species (Pimephales promelas, Fundulus heteroclitus, and Artemia salina) to dispersant and oil/dispersant mixtures. From these tests a curve relating organism survival to material concentrations is developed to determine median tolerance limits. Separate discussion sections include the statistical analyses of "testing the test" results for reproducibility and the rationale for selecting the test procedures as presented.
Use Of The Baffled Flask Test To Evaluate Eight Oil Dispersant Products And To Compare Dispersabiity Of Twenty Three Crude Oils
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Author : Edith L. Holder
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Use Of The Baffled Flask Test To Evaluate Eight Oil Dispersant Products And To Compare Dispersabiity Of Twenty Three Crude Oils written by Edith L. Holder and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
The Baffled Flask Test (BFT) was developed at the Andrew W. Breidenbach Environmental Research Center in the National Risk Management Research Laboratory, a division of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development. This test will soon be adopted as the official method for evaluating oil spill dispersants. A dispersant must meet the minimum requirements of the decision rules set forth by the official method to be listed on the National Contingency Product Plan Schedule (NCPPS) for use during an oil spill event. Two priority studies were conducted with the BFT. After the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon Oil drilling rig at the exploratory Maconda Well, U.S. EPA was asked to evaluate the eight dispersant products currently listed on the NCPPS, which had qualified under the current method, The Swirling Flask Test (SFT). There were three separate projects: 1) in vitro analyses to determine levels of cytotoxicity and endocrine disruption activity, 2) toxicity testing of dispersants alone, Louisiana Sweet Crude alone, and dispersant - oil mixtures using mysid shrimp and inland silverside fish, and 3) this lab, determination of dispersant effectiveness at two temperatures, 25 °C (the temperature on the surface of the Gulf) and 5 ° C (the temperature at the wellhead). The results showed that only three products gave satisfactory results at both temperatures. Presumably due to the low viscosity and density of South Louisiana Crude, temperature did not cause a significant difference in performance. Final Dispersant Effectiveness (LCL95DE, lower 95% confidence level after correction for natural dispersion) ranged from 11% to 78%. The other study was a request from the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE), formerly known as Minerals Management Service (MMS). They funded a study to compare four different bench scale tests with results obtained from their large scale wave tank at Ohmsett, The National Oil Spill Response Test Facility in Leonardo, NJ. All facilities will test the same twenty oils using Corexit 9500 at 15 ° C to determine if any of the tests are predictive of field performance. For comparison purposes in our study, the two oils currently in use by the BFT and SFT protocols plus another reference oil were added. The twenty oils ranged in density from 0.848 to 0.968 g/mL (35.03° to 14.39° API gravity) and kinematic viscosity from 9 to 32,326 cSt. Categorizing them by density, there are 2 light crudes, 6 medium crudes and 12 heavy crudes. Using Fingas' definition (1990), by kinematic viscosity, there are 1 very light crude oil, 4 light crudes, 3 medium crudes, and 12 heavy crudes. Final Dispersant Effectiveness (LCL95DE) ranged from 3.4% to 77.1%. The 3 added reference oils, are by density - 2 lights and a medium and by kinematic viscosity - 1 very light and 2 light crudes. Their final Dispersant Effectiveness ranged from 64.8% to 93%. The results correlated to the viscosity of the oil with an R2 of 0.84.
Drop Size And Dispersant Effectiveness
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Author : Randall Charles Belore
language : en
Publisher: S.L. Ross Environmental Research Limited
Release Date : 1987
Drop Size And Dispersant Effectiveness written by Randall Charles Belore and has been published by S.L. Ross Environmental Research Limited this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Dispersing agents categories.
Oil Spill Dispersants
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Author : Clayton/Payne
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2020-08-26
Oil Spill Dispersants written by Clayton/Payne and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-08-26 with Science categories.
Oil Spill Dispersants: Mechanisms of Action and Laboratory Tests provides a comprehensive summary of current information available regarding the general formulation of commercial dispersants and their function to lower oil-water interfacial tension. The book considers how chemical dispersants work for oil spills, the properties and chemistry of oils (including weathering state), the variables that affect dispersant performance, and the relationships between laboratory methods and field situations. The book also considers the strengths and limitations of specific laboratory tests, including brief discussions of the applicability of results for estimating dispersant performance in field trials or conditions encountered during real spill events. Laboratory tests are separated into four groups: tank tests, shake/flask tests, interfacial surface tension tests, and flume tests. Rapid-screen field tests are considered as a separate group. Recommendations for improvements in future laboratory testing are offered as well. Oil Spill Dispersants will be useful for regulators evaluating dispersant agents, field personnel involved with using dispersants, laboratory scientists studying performance and behavior of oil and dispersants, and managers responsible for designing studies related to the treatment of oil slicks with dispersants.
Using Oil Spill Dispersants On The Sea
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 1989-01-01
Using Oil Spill Dispersants On The Sea written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989-01-01 with Science categories.
While major oil spills are rare, oil slicks can have disastrous environmental and economic consequences. This book summarizes research on the use of chemical dispersants: their effectiveness and limitations and the results of using them in different spill situations. Based on laboratory and field research as well as on actual case histories, this book contains a clear-cut set of recommendations for action, planning, and research. Of special interest is the chapter on the biological effects of oil itself and of oil treated with chemical dispersants.