Reasoning From Evidence
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Reasoning From Evidence
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Author : William Gustason
language : en
Publisher: Macmillan College
Release Date : 1994
Reasoning From Evidence written by William Gustason and has been published by Macmillan College this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Induction (Logic) categories.
This text focuses on basic topics and problems of logic, as well as decision theory and topics related to the philosophy of science and statistics. Topics covered include inductive inference; causal inferrence; probability calculus; expected value; confirmation theory; the justification of induction; the riddle of induction and theories of probability. It also includes coverage, in both historical and contemporary terms, of the traditional problem of induction raised by Hume.
Argument And Evidence
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Author : Peter J. Phelan
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2002-01-22
Argument And Evidence written by Peter J. Phelan and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-01-22 with Political Science categories.
Phelan and Reynolds' book is for anyone who needs to evaluate arguments and interpret evidence. It deals with the most fundamental aspects of academic study: * the ability to reason with ideas and evidence * to formulate arguments effectively * to appreciate the interplay between ideas and evidence in academic and media debate Argument and Evidence presents aspects of informal logic and statistical theory in a comprehensible way, enabling students to acquire skills in critical thinking which will outlast their undergraduate studies. Ideal as a companion for courses on methodology or study skills, Argument and Evidence will also be useful for other disciplines in the social sciences and humanities.
The Evidential Foundations Of Probabilistic Reasoning
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Author : David A. Schum
language : en
Publisher: Northwestern University Press
Release Date : 2001
The Evidential Foundations Of Probabilistic Reasoning written by David A. Schum and has been published by Northwestern University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with History categories.
In this work Schum develops a general theory of evidence as it is understood and applied across a broad range of disciplines and practical undertakings. He include insights from law, philosophy, logic, probability, semiotics, artificial intelligence, psychology and history.
Theory And Evidence
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Author : Barbara Koslowski
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 1996
Theory And Evidence written by Barbara Koslowski and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Philosophy categories.
Koslowski boldly criticizes many of the currently classic studies and musters a compelling set of arguments, backed by an exhaustive set of experiments carried out during the last decade.
Argument Evaluation And Evidence
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Author : Douglas Walton
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-08-04
Argument Evaluation And Evidence written by Douglas Walton and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-08-04 with Philosophy categories.
This monograph poses a series of key problems of evidential reasoning and argumentation. It then offers solutions achieved by applying recently developed computational models of argumentation made available in artificial intelligence. Each problem is posed in such a way that the solution is easily understood. The book progresses from confronting these problems and offering solutions to them, building a useful general method for evaluating arguments along the way. It provides a hands-on survey explaining to the reader how to use current argumentation methods and concepts that are increasingly being implemented in more precise ways for the application of software tools in computational argumentation systems. It shows how the use of these tools and methods requires a new approach to the concepts of knowledge and explanation suitable for diverse settings, such as issues of public safety and health, debate, legal argumentation, forensic evidence, science education, and the use of expert opinion evidence in personal and public deliberations.
Improving Students Evidence Based Reasoning
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Author : Hongcui Du
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Improving Students Evidence Based Reasoning written by Hongcui Du and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
The importance of evidence-based reasoning has been emphasized in educational standards across domains (e.g., the Common Core Standards, 2010; the Next Generation Science Standards, 2013) as well as in the learning goals for various introductory undergraduate courses (e.g., psychology, American Psychological Association, 2013; sociology, Pike et al., 2017; statistics, Carver et al., 2016). Nevertheless, prior research has found students to experience a variety of challenges with evidence-based reasoning. These included difficulties in reasoning about evidence (e.g., differentiating among various types of quantitative evidence, List et al., 2022; drawing appropriate evidence-based conclusions, Bleske-Rechek et al., 2015) and reasoning with evidence (e.g., providing appropriate and sufficient evidence in support of claims, McNeill & Krajcik, 2008). While a number of interventions have been developed to improve students' evidence-based reasoning, these have mostly focused on fostering students' provision of evidence while engaging in argumentations (i.e., reasoning with evidence, Iordanou & Constantinou, 2014; Reznitskaya et al., 2007). Less has been done to improve students' reasoning about evidence, an important aspect of evidence-based reasoning and a precursor to students' effective evidence provision. The purpose of the present studies was to examine the effectiveness of an Evidence-Based Reasoning (EBR) intervention in improving students' reasoning about (i.e., identification, interpretation, and evaluation of) four types of evidence that are quantitative (i.e., evidence that is descriptive, comparative, causal, and correlational). Participants were undergraduates enrolled in an introduction educational psychology course. In Study 1, students first completed a set of pre-test measures. This included an Objective Evidence-Based Reasoning (OEBR) task assessing students' abilities to identify different evidence types (i.e., identification) and draw appropriate evidence-based conclusions (i.e., interpretation), and a Constructed Evidence-Evaluation (CEE) task, assessing students' abilities to evaluate conclusions or claims based on the type of evidence presented within constructed newspaper stories. Then, students were randomly assigned to one of two conditions, either completing the EBR training (i.e., intervention condition) or completing a training about research methods adapted from a textbook for Introduction to Psychology (i.e., control condition). Finally, all students completed a set of post-test measures, including the OEBR and CEE task as well as an Authentic-Constructed Evidence Evaluation (A-CEE) task assessing students' evaluation of evidence-based conclusions drawn from real newspaper articles. Results from Study 1 showed that the EBR intervention was more effective in improving students' OEBR task performance (i.e., evidence identification and interpretation), but not on their CEE task performance (i.e., evaluation of evidence-based conclusions). Analyzing students' justifications in the evidence evaluation task, I found that one possible reason for this lack of effect on the CEE task was that the key reasoning strategy of identifying evidence type was not made salient enough to students. Therefore, I conducted a follow-up study to examine the effectiveness of a modified version of the EBR training (Study 2). In Study 2, the last module of the EBR intervention was removed. Instead, students were asked to identify the type of evidence presented and explicitly directed to consider evidence type when evaluating evidence-based conclusions during their completion of CEE and A-CEE tasks at post-test. Students otherwise followed the same procedure as in Study 1. Results showed that this modified version of EBR had similar effects in improving students' OEBR task performance as the enhanced book chapter. At the same time, the EBR intervention was more effective in improving students' CEE and A-CEE task performance than the enhanced book chapter. This indicates the EBR intervention might have helped students develop more robust schema for evidence types, that students could then draw upon when evaluating evidence-based conclusions. Thus, across two studies, I demonstrate the promise of the EBR intervention in improving students' evidence-based reasoning.
Character Evidence
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Author : Douglas Walton
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2006-11-10
Character Evidence written by Douglas Walton and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-11-10 with Philosophy categories.
This book examines the nature of evidence for character judgments, using a model of abductive reasoning called Inference To The Best Explanation. The book expands this notion based on recent work with models of reasoning using argumentation theory and artificial intelligence. The aim is not just to show how character judgments are made, but how they should be properly be made based on sound reasoning, avoiding common errors and superficial judgments.
Arguments Stories And Criminal Evidence
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Author : Floris J. Bex
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2011-02-15
Arguments Stories And Criminal Evidence written by Floris J. Bex and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-02-15 with Law categories.
In this book a theory of reasoning with evidence in the context of criminal cases is developed. The main subject of this study is not the law of evidence but rather the rational process of proof, which involves constructing, testing and justifying scenarios about what happened using evidence and commonsense knowledge. A central theme in the book is the analysis of ones reasoning, so that complex patterns are made more explicit and clear. This analysis uses stories about what happened and arguments to anchor these stories in evidence. Thus the argumentative and the narrative approaches from the research in legal philosophy and legal psychology are combined. Because the book describes its subjects in both an informal and a formal style, it is relevant for scholars in legal philosophy, AI, logic and argumentation theory. The book can also appeal to practitioners in the investigative and legal professions, who are interested in the ways in which they can and should reason with evidence.
Intelligence Analysis As Discovery Of Evidence Hypotheses And Arguments
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Author : Gheorghe Tecuci
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2016-08-30
Intelligence Analysis As Discovery Of Evidence Hypotheses And Arguments written by Gheorghe Tecuci and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-30 with Computers categories.
Using a flexible software system, this book teaches evidential and inferential issues used in drawing conclusions from masses of evidence.
Legal Argumentation And Evidence
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Author : Douglas Walton
language : en
Publisher: Penn State Press
Release Date : 2010-11-01
Legal Argumentation And Evidence written by Douglas Walton and has been published by Penn State Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-11-01 with Law categories.
A leading expert in informal logic, Douglas Walton turns his attention in this new book to how reasoning operates in trials and other legal contexts, with special emphasis on the law of evidence. The new model he develops, drawing on methods of argumentation theory that are gaining wide acceptance in computing fields like artificial intelligence, can be used to identify, analyze, and evaluate specific types of legal argument. In contrast with approaches that rely on deductive and inductive logic and rule out many common types of argument as fallacious, Walton&’s aim is to provide a more expansive view of what can be considered &"reasonable&" in legal argument when it is construed as a dynamic, rule-governed, and goal-directed conversation. This dialogical model gives new meaning to the key notions of relevance and probative weight, with the latter analyzed in terms of pragmatic criteria for what constitutes plausible evidence rather than truth.