S I P Shelter In Place
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Effectiveness Of Urban Shelter In Place Ii
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Effectiveness Of Urban Shelter In Place Ii written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
In the event of a short-term, large-scale toxic chemical release to the atmosphere, shelter-in-place (SIP) may be used as an emergency response to protect public health. We modeled hypothetical releases using realistic, empirical parameters to explore how key factors influence SIP effectiveness for single-family dwellings in a residential district. Four classes of factors were evaluated in this case-study: (a) time scales associated with release duration, SIP implementation delay, and SIP termination; (b) building air-exchange rates, including air infiltration and ventilation; (c) the degree of sorption of toxic chemicals to indoor surfaces; and (d) the shape of the dose-response relationship for acute adverse health effects. Houses with lower air leakage are more effective shelters, and thus variability in the air leakage of dwellings is associated with varying degrees of SIP protection in a community. Sorption on indoor surfaces improves SIP effectiveness by lowering the peak indoor concentrations and reducing the amount of contamination in the indoor air. Nonlinear dose-response relationships imply substantial reduction in adverse health effects from lowering the peak exposure concentration. However, if the scenario is unfavorable for sheltering (e.g. sheltering in leaky houses for protection against a nonsorbing chemical with a linear dose-response), the community must implement SIP without delay and exit from shelter when it first becomes safe to do so. Otherwise, the community can be subjected to even greater risk than if they did not take shelter indoors.
S I P Shelter In Place
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Author : Louis J McNerney
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021-09-08
S I P Shelter In Place written by Louis J McNerney and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-09-08 with categories.
When the pandemic struck America, Lou decided to use his time to do something positive and share his passions with everyone. He first worked on a cookbook, In Lou of Going Out, to offer folks simple to follow recipes to enjoy with their family and even host impressive dinner parties for their friends. In doing so, Lou considered that another key part of an evening out is having a cocktail or two before, during, and after dinner. Lou went to work on his second book, S.I.P.: A Cocktail Guide and Reference for Making Craft Cocktails at Home. This guide includes information on equipping a home bar as well as what type of glass to pour that special drink into and serve. Lou has been engaged in the restaurant business and bartending on and off most of his life. He and his second wife, Laurie, hosted a gourmet dinner club for over ten years. After losing his wife to a battle with cancer in 2007, Lou continued to follow his passion and hosted dinner gatherings and cocktail parties with family and friends. Lou currently bartends at the Northridge Country Club in Fair Oaks, California. He collaborated with his bar manager and good friend Brad Smith to complete this book. Lou hopes you will enjoy learning the art of creating craft cocktails and hosting your own gathering with family and friends in style. Sale proceeds of the cookbook In Lou of Going Out and the S.I.P. Cocktail Guide will be donated to Feeding America. Salute!
Effectiveness Of Urban Shelter In Place Iii
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Effectiveness Of Urban Shelter In Place Iii written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
In the event of a toxic chemical release to the atmosphere, shelter-in-place (SIP) is an emergency response option available to protect public health. This paper is the last in a three-part series that examines the effectiveness of SIP at reducing adverse health effects in communities. We model a hypothetical chemical release in an urban area, and consider SIP effectiveness in protecting occupants of commercial buildings. Building air infiltration rates are predicted from empirical data using an existing model. We consider the distribution of building air infiltration rates both with mechanical ventilation systems turned off and with the systems operating. We also consider the effects of chemical sorption to indoor surfaces and nonlinear chemical dose-response relationships. We find that commercial buildings provide effective shelter when ventilation systems are off, but that any delay in turning off ventilation systems can greatly reduce SIP effectiveness. Using a two-zone model, we find that there can be substantial benefit by taking shelter in the inner parts of a building that do not experience direct air exchange with the outdoors. Air infiltration rates vary substantially among buildings and this variation is important in quantifying effectiveness for emergency response. Community-wide health metrics, introduced in the previous papers in this series, can be applied in pre-event planning and to guide real-time emergency response.
When And How To End Shelter In Place Protection From A Release Of Airborne Hazardous Material
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
When And How To End Shelter In Place Protection From A Release Of Airborne Hazardous Material written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with categories.
Shelter-in-place (SIP) is considered a credible alternative to immediate evacuation to protect the population on and around Army chemical warfare agent stockpile storage sites from accidental agent releases of short duration. To be effective, this strategy requires immediate SIP to minimize initial exposure to agent vapor, followed by timely and appropriate termination of SIP to minimize additional exposure to agent vapor accumulations in the shelter when the air outside becomes less hazardous. However, a major challenge facing emergency managers has been how to decide the best time and way to end SIP to obtain this ideal. This report describes a concept to make this decision, and suggests a methodology to apply the concept as a site-specific response tool. The major conditions that influence the exposure of a population are the source term values of the agent that is released, meteorological conditions, shelter air change rates, the distance of the shelter from the source, and th e dose-response relationship of the hazardous material. The circumstances that contribute to overall exposure associated with a SIP strategy involve exposure during the time before taking shelter, exposure while sheltered due to vapor infiltration, and additional exposure (if any) following the termination of SIP. Options to end SIP are to resume normal activities with no restrictions, to ventilate the shelter but remain indoors, to exit from the shelter and remain nearby, or to relocate to a designated facility. The optimal time and way to end SIP involves examining the relationships among the conditions and circumstances listed above to find the combination of these variables that gives the smallest area where a sheltered population might receive a certain level of toxic effect. For example, find the combination of times, conditions, and circumstances that produce the smallest area where fatalities are possible. In this case, the best time and action to end SIP to minimize fatalities is that combination of variables which produces the smallest area where this level of effect is expected. The methodology to apply the concept is to use a computer model to examine the relationships among these conditions and circumstances (many of which are pre-planned default inputs), and display the best time and action to end SIP quickly, in a user-friendly format. A computer model that was developed to prove the concept and demonstrate the methodology (called the TSIP Model) is described in the report, and the use of the TSIP Model is illustrated in a case study in an appendix to the report. The report also discusses public education and emergency instructions essential for implementing this concept, and makes recommendations for agreements, plans, and exercises relevant to deciding when and how to end SIP. This concept and methodology is independent of the atmospheric dispersion model used, and is not limited to chemical warfare agent vapor hazards. Thus it can help make decisions on when and how to end SIP following the accidental release of many other non-flammable non-reactive hazardous vapors if sufficient information is available about the characteristics of the material and the circumstances of the release.
The Effects Of Covid 19 Shelter In Place Policies On Us Demonstrations
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Author : David A. Newton
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
The Effects Of Covid 19 Shelter In Place Policies On Us Demonstrations written by David A. Newton and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with COVID-19 (Disease) categories.
"This study provides evidence of a link between Shelter in Place (SIP) policy response during the pandemic and demonstration events. Through the combination of daily county-level government policy response to SIP implementation to limit the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States (US) and cell phone mobility data, this research studied how demonstrations and violence are affected following shutdown policies. A dynamic framework is visible due to the staggered effect of policies implementation across the US. At the national level, the results showed reduced participation in demonstration events at the national level, suggesting that increasing social costs may limit public demonstrations. However, regional results indicate dependence on population density (urban vs. rural) or location (west vs. east coast), along with the benefits of pursuing social well-being, outweigh the additional costs SIP police bring. The research will conclude with a discussion on potential reasons behind this heterogeneity and why it is essential to understand the repercussions of blanketed US policies on individual behavior and social well-being. The research of this paper contributes to the study of pandemic modeling on demonstrations in the US. First, it provides a theoretical framework using multiple economic modeling approaches to study the relationship between SIP policies and demonstrations. Second, this county/day level data is one of the first studies to look at the individual behavior effects in the US. Third, a fuller view of the region is observed by using a combination of statistical analyses, qualitative assessments, and geographical clustering."--Boise State University ScholarWorks.
Handbook Of Fire And Explosion Protection Engineering Principles
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Author : Dennis P. Nolan
language : en
Publisher: William Andrew
Release Date : 2010-12-15
Handbook Of Fire And Explosion Protection Engineering Principles written by Dennis P. Nolan and has been published by William Andrew this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-12-15 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles: for Oil, Gas, Chemical and Related Facilities is a general engineering handbook that provides an overview for understanding problems of fire and explosion at oil, gas, and chemical facilities. This handbook offers information about current safety management practices and technical engineering improvements. It also provides practical knowledge about the effects of hydrocarbon fires and explosions and their prevention, mitigation principals, and methodologies. This handbook offers an overview of oil and gas facilities, and it presents insights into the philosophy of protection principles. Properties of hydrocarbons, as well as the characteristics of its releases, fires and explosions, are also provided in this handbook. The book includes chapters about fire- and explosion-resistant systems, fire- and gas-detection systems, alarm systems, and methods of fire suppression. The handbook ends with a discussion about human factors and ergonomic considerations, including human attitude, field devices, noise control, panic, and security. People involved with fire and explosion prevention, such as engineers and designers, will find this book invaluable. A unique practical guide to preventing fires and explosions at oil and gas facilities, based on the author’s extensive experience in the industry An essential reference tool for engineers, designers and others facing fire protection issues Based on the latest NFPA standards and interpretations
Airtightness Evaluation Of Shelter In Place Spaces For Protection Against Airborne Chembio Releases
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Author : Andrew K Persily
language : en
Publisher: CreateSpace
Release Date : 2009-10-15
Airtightness Evaluation Of Shelter In Place Spaces For Protection Against Airborne Chembio Releases written by Andrew K Persily and has been published by CreateSpace this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-10-15 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Due to concerns about potential airborne chemical and biological releases in or near buildings, building owners and managers and other decision makers are faced with a number of options for increasing their building s level of protection against such events. Among the various technologies and approaches being proposed and implemented is shelter-in-place (SIP). SIP strategies involve having the building occupants stay in the building, generally in a space designated for such sheltering, until the event is over and the outdoor contaminant levels have decreased. While much guidance is available on the implementation of SIP in buildings, important technical issues remain about the degree of protection provided by a particular space and the factors in determining the level of protection. In particular, many recommendations suggest tightening the walls of SIP spaces, but there has been insufficient analysis of the relationship between shelter tightness and the protection provided by the SIP space. In order to address some of these questions, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has undertaken a project to develop and demonstrate evaluation methods to relate shelter airtightness to the performance of shelter-in-place approaches for airborne chemical, biological and radiological (CBR) protection of building occupants. The focus of this effort is on short term sheltering, on the order of hours, rather than longer term sheltering which generally employ filtration and air cleaning equipment to supply clean air to the occupants of the space. This project has consisted of the following tasks: a literature review of SIP strategies and performance issues; development of a study plan for testing SIP airtightness evaluation methods; implementation of the study plan through a combination of experiments and simulations; and, finally, development of recommendations on SIP evaluation and possible performance criteria for candidate SIP spaces.
Temporary Shelter In Place As Protection Against A Release Of Airborne Hazardous Material
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Temporary Shelter In Place As Protection Against A Release Of Airborne Hazardous Material written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with categories.
''Temporary shelter-in place'' is the combination of prompt shelter-in-place (SIP) to minimize initial exposure to airborne hazardous material, followed by timely action to terminate this protection to minimize exposure to hazardous vapor accumulations in the shelter once the air outside becomes less hazardous than the air inside the shelter. Temporary SIP, if properly executed, is considered to be an effective way to protect populations from hazardous chemical vapors, especially from high concentrations for short periods. This is supported by laboratory and field experiments. The need for timely termination of temporary SIP as protection from infiltrated vapors is an integral component of a temporary SIP strategy. It was from this premise that Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) was asked to develop methodologies for deciding when and how to terminate SIP. These methodologies, in turn, could be the basis for site-specific operational guidelines (e.g., decision matrix, decision-tree, or algorithm) for terminating SIP on each of the eight Army chemical stockpile storage sites, and in the off-post communities surrounding them. This project consists of two tasks. Task 1 was to collect and analyze existing literature that might be relevant to the termination of temporary SIP. This report is the product of Task 1. Task 2, which will begin on 2 February 2001, will use the results of the literature search as the baseline to investigate the concepts associated with temporary SIP, and to develop methodologies for termination of temporary SIP that can be incorporated in site-specific operational guidelines. It is understood that these methods will be consistent with Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP) policy that ''the most important objective of the emergency preparedness and implementation process is the avoidance of fatalities to the maximum extent practicable, should an accidental release of chemical agent occur.'' It is also anticipated that these methods will be consistent with approved dispersion models and compatible with the approved emergency management information systems and alert and notification protocols.
Modeling Shelter In Place Including Sorption On Indoor Surfaces
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Modeling Shelter In Place Including Sorption On Indoor Surfaces written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with categories.
Intentional or accidental large-scale airborne toxic releases (e.g. terrorist attacks or industrial accidents) can cause severe harm to nearby communities. As part of an emergency response plan, shelter-in-place (SIP) can be an effective response option, especially when evacuation is infeasible. Reasonably tight building envelopes provide some protection against exposure to peak concentrations when toxic release passes over an area. They also provide some protection in terms of cumulative exposure, if SIP is terminated promptly after the outdoor plume has passed. The purpose of this work is to quantify the level of protection offered by existing houses, and the importance of sorption/desorption to and from surfaces on the effectiveness of SIP. We examined a hypothetical chlorine gas release scenario simulated by the National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC). We used a standard infiltration model to calculate the distribution of time dependent infiltration rates within each census tract. Large variation in the air tightness of dwellings makes some houses more protective than others. Considering only the median air tightness, model results showed that if sheltered indoors, the total population intake of non-sorbing toxic gas is only 50% of the outdoor level 4 hours from the start of the release. Based on a sorption/desorption model by Karlsson and Huber (1996), we calculated that the sorption process would further lower the total intake of the population by an additional 50%. The potential benefit of SIP can be considerably higher if the comparison is made in terms of health effects because of the non-linear acute effect dose-response curve of many chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial substances.
The Mobility Forum
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
The Mobility Forum written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Aeronautics, Military categories.